{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T13:09:29Z","timestamp":1788786569824,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre OPUS 25","award":["2023\/49\/B\/NZ1\/02898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/49\/B\/NZ1\/02898"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education Industrial PhD Programme","award":["DWD\/8\/0369\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DWD\/8\/0369\/2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sex determination in Cannabis sativa L. has major implications for breeding, biotechnology, and crop management. In this species, sex is primarily governed by an XX\/XY sex chromosome system, with genetic regulation constituting the principal level of control. Variation in sex expression, encompassing dioecious, monoecious, or hermaphroditic forms, may arise from interactions between sex chromosomes and autosomal factors in the X-to-autosome (X:A) chromosome balance. Secondary modulation of sex phenotype involves environmental and physiological influences, with phytohormonal regulation representing an important layer of sex plasticity. Epigenetic mechanisms may further contribute to the downstream fine-tuning of phenotypic sex expression. Importantly, sex expression in Cannabis can also be manipulated chemically. Several silver-based compounds, such as silver thiosulphate, are widely used to induce staminate flower formation in genetically female plants, whereas the application of ethephon promotes female flower formation in genetically male individuals. Although both agents act through the ethylene signalling pathway, their effects likely involve broader and more complex interactions within the molecular network, including cross-talk with other hormonal pathways. Within this context, transcriptional regulators associated with auxin signalling, including AUXIN\/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID\u2014TOPLESS-RELATED co-repressors such as TPR1, may contribute to the activation of male developmental programmes by modulating hormonal response pathways. However, their precise role and position within the sex-regulatory hierarchy are yet to be clarified. The multi-layered regulation of sex determination in C. sativa L. provides a valuable framework for investigating the molecular basis of this process through the integration of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. A more comprehensive understanding of these interacting regulatory layers may facilitate the development of strategies for early sex identification, improved control over flower sex conversion, and the optimization of cannabinoid-rich female inflorescence production. Such advances would support both fundamental and applied approaches in Cannabis biotechnology and cultivation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcag111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T12:01:25Z","timestamp":1785585685000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Revisiting sex plasticity in\n                    <i>Cannabis sativa<\/i>\n                    L.: A hormonal cross-talk in flower masculinization"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Ewa","family":"Dubas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Franciszek G\u00f3rski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Cracow ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Krzewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Franciszek G\u00f3rski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Cracow ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"\u017bur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Franciszek G\u00f3rski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Cracow ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Dzieko\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Franciszek G\u00f3rski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Cracow ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Kurczab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Franciszek G\u00f3rski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Cracow ,","place":["Poland"]},{"name":"Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute \u2013 National Research Institute in Radzik\u00f3w, Bonin Division, Department of Potato Protection and Seed Science at Bonin , Bonin Str 3, 76-009 Bonin ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Bibro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Franciszek G\u00f3rski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Cracow ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Walig\u00f3rski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Franciszek G\u00f3rski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Cracow ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9671-376X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142 A","family":"Rodziewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Franciszek G\u00f3rski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Cracow ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090708320700700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-020-03522-y","article-title":"Comparative RNA-Seq analysis reveals genes associated with masculinization in female Cannabis sativa","volume":"253","author":"Adal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Planta."},{"key":"2026090708320700700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2024.2303555","article-title":"MiRNAs differentially expressed in vegetative and reproductive organs of Marchantia polymorpha \u2013 insights into their expression pattern, gene structures and function","volume":"21","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"2026090708320700700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-023-01361-9","article-title":"Recurrent neo-sex chromosome evolution in kiwifruit","volume":"9","author":"Akagi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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