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When D. antarctica plants were subjected to cold and dehydration stress both in the Antarctic field and in laboratory experiments, galactinol, a precursor of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) and raffinose were highly accumulated, which was accompanied by upregulation of galactinol synthase (GolS). The Poaceae monocots have a small family of GolS genes, which are divided into two distinct groups called types I and II. Type II GolSs are highly expanded in cold-adapted monocot plants. Transgenic rice plants, in which type II D. antarctica GolS2 (DaGolS2) and rice GolS2 (OsGolS2) were constitutively expressed, were markedly tolerant to cold and drought stress as compared to the wild-type rice plants. The RFO contents and GolS enzyme activities were higher in the DaGolS2- and OsGolS2-overexpressing progeny than in the wild-type plants under both normal and stress conditions. DaGolS2 and OsGolS2 overexpressors contained reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) relative to the wild-type plants after cold and drought treatments. Overall, these results suggest that Poaceae type II GolS2s play a conserved role in D. antarctica and rice in response to drought and cold stress by inducing the accumulation of RFO and decreasing ROS levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcz180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T07:35:03Z","timestamp":1568100903000},"page":"88-104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Poaceae Type II Galactinol Synthase 2 from Antarctic Flowering Plant Deschampsia antarctica and Rice Improves Cold and Drought Tolerance by Accumulation of Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides in Transgenic Rice Plants"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Li Hua","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science, Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi Young","family":"Byun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeong Geun","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science, Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6934-0199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungeun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea"},{"name":"Polar Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8055-2010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea"},{"name":"Polar Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyoungseok","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea"},{"name":"Polar Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5027-4622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo Taek","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Science, Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020021705494064000_pcz180-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/07352680590910410","article-title":"Drought and salt tolerance in plants","volume":"24","author":"Bartels","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. 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