{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T13:03:24Z","timestamp":1784811804309,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":109,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this commentary, I will contend that one of Pierik and Verweij\u2019s central arguments for vaccine mandates faces significant obstacles because of their attempt to apply Mill\u2019s harm principle. More specifically, they argue that vaccine refusal is harmful because of its relationship to the collective good of herd immunity. I suggest that Pierik and Verweij oscillate between two interpretations of the harm principle: a narrow interpretation and a broad one. The narrow interpretation, however, does not justify mandates because it is implausible that one individual\u2019s act of vaccine refusal makes a meaningful difference to whether herd immunity is achieved. The broad interpretation avoids this problem, but it risks abandoning the authors\u2019 aspiration to advance a distinctively liberal argument. I conclude that those who wish to defend vaccine mandates by appealing to their role in achieving or maintaining herd immunity face a choice: they need to either (i) find argumentative resources within the liberal tradition that are more promising than the harm principle or (ii) develop defenses that are not liberal but indicate why this does not constitute a problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/phe\/phag014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:28:44Z","timestamp":1777638524000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Herd Immunity and the Harm Principle: Too Narrow or Too Broad"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4837-5832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, University of Virginia Corcoran , 120 Cocke Hall, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4780 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072308361755300_phag014-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2016-103857","article-title":"The Case Against Libertarian Arguments for Compulsory Vaccination","volume":"43","author":"Bernstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics"},{"key":"2026072308361755300_phag014-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/japp.12671","article-title":"Reciprocity, Vulnerability, and the Moral Significance of Herd Immunity","volume":"40","author":"Bernstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Philosophy"},{"key":"2026072308361755300_phag014-B3","author":"Brink","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026072308361755300_phag014-B4","volume-title":"Harm to 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Compass"},{"key":"2026072308361755300_phag014-B13","volume-title":"Anarchy, State, and Utopia","author":"Nozick","year":"1974"},{"key":"2026072308361755300_phag014-B14","volume-title":"Reasons and Persons","author":"Parfit","year":"1984"},{"key":"2026072308361755300_phag014-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/15307.001.0001","volume-title":"Inducing Immunity: Justifying Immunization Policies in Times of Vaccine Hesitancy","author":"Pierik","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026072308361755300_phag014-B16","volume-title":"Moral Principles and Political Obligations","author":"Simmons","year":"1979"},{"key":"2026072308361755300_phag014-B17","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Hollowness of the Harm Principle","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"University of San Diego School of Law Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series"},{"key":"2026072308361755300_phag014-B18","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Case Against Compulsory Vaccination: The Failed Arguments from Risk Imposition, Tax Evasion, \u2018Social Liberty\u2019, and the Priority of Life","author":"Steinhoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics"}],"container-title":["Public Health 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