{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:18:55Z","timestamp":1790047135047,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NWO-Veni"},{"name":"NWO-Vidi","award":["PID2021-122740OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-122740OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"NWO-Vidi","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ethylene is a well-established negative regulator of nodulation, yet how ethylene biosynthesis and perception are spatially coordinated during early symbiotic signaling remains unresolved. Here, we investigate the dynamics of ethylene responses in Medicago (Medicago truncatula) using transcriptomics, promoter\u2013reporter analyses, loss-of-function approaches and a synthetic reporter. We show that the activity of the ethylene-responsive EBSn reporter shifts from inner root tissues under nonsymbiotic conditions to the outer cortex and epidermis following rhizobial inoculation, revealing a spatial reprogramming of ethylene signaling. Among the 8 Medicago 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID SYNTHASE (ACS) genes, MtACS3 is induced in outer root cell layers upon rhizobia application, while MtACS10 is repressed in the inner cortex and pericycle, mirroring the shift in ethylene perception. Functional analysis demonstrates that MtACS10 restricts nodule initiation, whereas MtACS3 modulates the number of infection threads, prevents nodule clustering, and contributes to the radial positioning of nodule primordia. Rhizobial induced ectopic ACS expression in the root interior counteracts MtACS10 repression and blocks nodulation, highlighting the requirement for spatially confined downregulation of ethylene biosynthesis. Together, these findings establish a framework in which localized shifts in ethylene biosynthesis, mediated by distinct Medicago ACS genes, balance infection and organogenesis while co-defining the spatial limits of the root susceptible zone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/plcell\/koag173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T11:34:09Z","timestamp":1781004849000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spatiotemporal dynamics of ethylene biosynthesis shape infection and nodule initiation in\n                    <i>Medicago truncatula<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8755-4202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen 6708 PB ,","place":["The 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Wageningen 6708 PB ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Present Address: Department of Biology, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3RB ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2303-1814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josefina-Patricia","family":"Fernandez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Present Address: Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry, Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, UCO-CeiA3 , Cordoba 14014 ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1018-4758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna N","family":"Stepanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial 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