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Important regulators of plant N-responses include HRS1 HOMOLOG (HHO) transcription factors (TFs); yet, their redundant repressive mode of action hinders functional analyses. Here, we highlight HHO5 as a unique HHO TF based on its phylogenetic position, phloem specific expression, and dual role in regulating responses to inorganic and organic N-dose signals. Our results support a model whereby HHO5 mediates feedback repression of inorganic nitrate uptake under organic N satiety: (i) Meta-analyses revealed HHO5 expression is repressed by inorganic N, but induced by organic N treatments. (ii) HHO5 directly binds and represses nitrate response genes, but indirectly induces organic N-response genes. (iii) HHO5 indirect target gene induction occurs via WRKY partner TFs, validated using a cell-based DoubleTARGET TF co-perturbation assay. (iv) HHO5 initiates a validated gene regulatory network path which encompasses \u223c12% of the N-dose response genes in planta. (v) Phenotypically, single hho5 T-DNA mutants show reduced N-dose dependent growth, and decreased seed N content. (vi) HHO5 represses nitrate uptake but induces root growth responses to Glu in planta. Overall, our findings support a model wherein HHO5 orchestrates dose dependent feedback regulation of organic versus inorganic N-signaling in Arabidopsis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/plcell\/koag201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:46:36Z","timestamp":1784115996000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["HHO5 orchestrates dose-dependent feedback regulation of organic versus inorganic nitrogen signaling in Arabidopsis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9197-4972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Will E","family":"Hinckley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University , 12 Waverly Pl, New York, NY 10003 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9559-1699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Swift","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University , 12 Waverly Pl, New York, NY 10003 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Romei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingenier\u00eda Gen\u00e9tica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Dr. H\u00e9ctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET) , Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires C1428ADN ,","place":["Argentina"]},{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Int. G\u00fciraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabell\u00f3n II, Buenos Aires C1428EGA ,","place":["Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5719-4833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge P","family":"Muschietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingenier\u00eda Gen\u00e9tica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Dr. H\u00e9ctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET) , Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires C1428ADN ,","place":["Argentina"]},{"name":"Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biolog\u00eda Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Int. G\u00fciraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabell\u00f3n II , Buenos Aires C1428EGA ,","place":["Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1359-276X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Frangos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University , 12 Waverly Pl, New York, NY 10003 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7811-0398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shao-shan Carol","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University , 12 Waverly Pl, New York, NY 10003 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2608-2166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria M","family":"Coruzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University , 12 Waverly Pl, New York, NY 10003 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7616-8887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Obertello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingenier\u00eda Gen\u00e9tica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Dr. H\u00e9ctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET) , Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires C1428ADN ,","place":["Argentina"]},{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Int. 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