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In Populus tremula \u00d7 Populus alba clone 717, we integrated a 2-yr biweekly field survey of xylem ray anatomy with time-series stem transcriptomes and single-cell-resolution tangential spatial transcriptomics to resolve early ray-lineage states in situ. Across 2 growing seasons, ray cell number and size\/area traits showed reproducible dynamics and were most strongly associated with daylength, radiation and temperature averaged over the preceding 1 to 4\u2005wks. Co-expression analysis identified gene modules that covary with ray traits and these environmental indices. By enhancing recovery of ray cambial cells through tangential sectioning, we generated a single-cell-resolution spatial transcriptomic atlas that distinguishes fusiform initial cells (FICs) and ray initial cells (RIC_1\/2), and reconstructs a continuous early ray trajectory from FICs to RICs and xylem ray precursor cells (XRP_1\u20133), supported by RNA in situ hybridization. Integrating field-linked candidates, public single-cell RNA sequencing resources, and spatial markers, we identified 227 ray-lineage candidates, enriched for chromatin\/nuclear functions and ribosome biogenesis, with relatively few transcription factors. These results provide stage-resolved markers and candidates for dissecting ray development and its seasonal environmental covariation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/plcell\/koag275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T11:45:53Z","timestamp":1789127153000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tangential single-cell spatial transcriptomics resolves early ray lineage trajectory in poplar"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3274-8192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, Hubei 430070 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, Hubei 430070 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Poplar Research Center, Huazhong 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