{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T02:40:33Z","timestamp":1785465633657,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF GFRP","award":["DGE1752134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE1752134"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"US Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-AC02-05CH11231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02-05CH11231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The optical properties of lobed palisade mesophyll cells remain poorly understood despite their presence in diverse taxa and the critical role of the palisade layer in leaf\u2013light interactions and carbon assimilation. Using microcomputed tomography, 3D ray tracing simulations, and physiological experiments, we tested the interactions among palisade cell geometry, chloroplast localization, light directional quality, and leaf optical and photosynthetic performance in the model taxon Viburnum. Simulations showed that lobed cells shifted between absorptance- and transmittance-dominated states depending on chloroplast localization, irrespective of light directional quality. In contrast, columnar palisade optics were driven by light directional quality, with absorptance-dominated properties under diffuse light and transmittance-dominated properties under direct light, irrespective of chloroplast localization. Lobed palisade cells in planta were less densely packed yet more productive on a per-cell basis than columnar palisade cells, resulting in interspecific conservation of maximum carbon assimilation rate per unit leaf tissue. For the Viburnum species studied, our results indicate a \u201cmany-to-one\u201d mapping of multiple palisade cell forms to a common rate of photosynthetic productivity per unit tissue. This work highlights the dynamic relationship between palisade mesophyll form and function and informs the anatomical basis of plant carbon assimilation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiae659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T09:19:07Z","timestamp":1734513547000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Palisade cell geometry in relation to leaf optical and photosynthetic properties in\n                    <i>Viburnum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"198","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1696-9647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleca M","family":"Borsuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, The New York Botanical Garden , 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josh M","family":"Randall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell Cooperative Extension of Niagara County , 4487 Lake Ave, Lockport, NY 14094 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Richburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale College, Yale University , New Haven, CT 06511 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7465-4574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyra G","family":"Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale College, Yale University , New Haven, CT 06511 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0515-2778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika J","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University , New Haven, CT 06511 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0924-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig R","family":"Brodersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment, Yale University , New Haven, CT 06511 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0016-8025.2002.00906.x","article-title":"A three-dimensional model of CO2 transport in airspaces and mesophyll cells of a silver birch leaf","volume":"25","author":"Aalto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ"},{"key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3040.1999.00487.x","article-title":"Chloroplast movements in fern leaves: correlation of movement dynamics and environmental flexibility of the species","volume":"22","author":"Augustynowicz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.19.00094","article-title":"The spatial distribution of chlorophyll in leaves","volume":"180","author":"Borsuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1071\/FP09262","article-title":"Do changes in light direction affect absorption profiles in leaves?","volume":"37","author":"Brodersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Funct Plant Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2007.01751.x","article-title":"A new paradigm in leaf-level photosynthesis: direct and diffuse lights are not equal","volume":"31","author":"Brodersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1086\/673241","article-title":"The evolution of photosynthetic anatomy in Viburnum (Adoxaceae)","volume":"174","author":"Chatelet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Plant Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/10496475.2012.755942","article-title":"Leaf structure and histochemical investigation in Papaver rhoeas L. (corn poppy, field poppy)","volume":"19","author":"Christodoulakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Herbs Spices Med Plants"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8339.2010.01085.x","article-title":"The taxonomic significance of leaf anatomical characters in Cussonia and related genera (Araliaceae)","volume":"164","author":"De Villiers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bot J Linn Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.1255","article-title":"Model clades are vital for comparative biology, and ascertainment bias is not a problem in practice: a response to Beaulieu and O\u2019Meara (2018)","volume":"106","author":"Donoghue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Bot"},{"issue":"47","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.08.023","article-title":"BoneJ: free and extensible bone image analysis in ImageJ","author":"Doube","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.17.00223","article-title":"Excess diffuse light absorption in upper mesophyll limits CO2 drawdown and depresses photosynthesis","volume":"174","author":"Earles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B11","volume-title":"Plant anatomy","author":"Esau","year":"1965"},{"key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B12","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Chloroplast to leaf","author":"Evans","year":"2004"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2010.00761.x","article-title":"Measurement of the optical properties of leaves under diffuse light","volume":"86","author":"Gorton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"issue":"33","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6585","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.35.006585","article-title":"Three-dimensional radiation transfer modeling in a dicotyledon leaf","volume":"35","author":"Govaerts","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl Opt"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600577514013939","article-title":"Tomopy: a framework for the analysis of synchrotron tomographic data","volume":"21","author":"G\u00fcrsoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Synchrotron Radiat"},{"key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B16","volume-title":"Physiological plant anatomy","author":"Haberlandt","year":"1914"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61366-8","article-title":"Leaf structure and seed histochemistry analyses provided structural insights into the improved yield and quality of tree peony seed under light shading conditions","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12590","article-title":"Three-dimensional microscale modelling of CO2 transport and light propagation in tomato leaves enlightens photosynthesis","volume":"39","author":"Ho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ"},{"key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108686457","article-title":"Leaf optical properties","author":"Jacquemoud","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/41.1.84","article-title":"Blue light-induced chloroplast relocation in Arabidopsis thaliana as analyzed by microbeam irradiation","volume":"41","author":"Kagawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"6917","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01213","article-title":"Chloroplast avoidance movement reduces photodamage in plants","volume":"420","author":"Kasahara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B22","article-title":"rstatix: pipe-friendly framework for basic statistical tests","author":"Kassambara","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.46341\/PI2021002","article-title":"Morphological features of the leaves in clematises as a reflection of their ecological peculiarities","volume":"1","author":"Kovalyshyn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Introd"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syaa027","article-title":"Joint phylogenetic estimation of geographic movements and biome shifts during the global diversification of Viburnum","volume":"70","author":"Landis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0884-90","article-title":"Fiber optics in plants","volume":"251","author":"Mandoli","year":"1984","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3040.2003.00981.x","article-title":"Does the photosynthetic light-acclimation need change in leaf anatomy?","volume":"26","author":"Oguchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btg412","article-title":"APE: analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language","volume":"20","author":"Paradis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B28","first-page":"215","volume-title":"On the Economy of Plant Form and Function","author":"Parkhurst","year":"1986"},{"issue":"15","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu181","article-title":"Geiger v2.0: an expanded suite of methods for fitting macroevolutionary models to phylogenetic trees","volume":"30","author":"Pennell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.2307\/1220622","article-title":"The systematic position of araudium MIQ.\u2014a multidisciplinary study","volume":"29","author":"Philipson","year":"1980","journal-title":"TAXON"},{"key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1955.tb10396.x","article-title":"Foliar venation of angiosperms. III. Pattern and histology of the venation of Hosta","volume":"42","author":"Pray","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am J Bot"},{"key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B32","author":"R Core Team"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery448","article-title":"Prospects for enhancing leaf photosynthetic capacity by manipulating mesophyll cell morphology","volume":"70","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods."},{"key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B35","volume-title":"Systematic anatomy of the dicotyledons: a handbook for laboratories of pure and applied botany","author":"Solereder","year":"1908"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1956.tb05293.x","article-title":"The structure and development of the hydathodes of Caltha palustris L","volume":"55","author":"Stevens","year":"1956","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2009.12.015","article-title":"Photoprotective function of chloroplast avoidance movement: in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence study","volume":"167","author":"Sztatelman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Plant Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcp034","article-title":"Green light drives leaf photosynthesis more efficiently than red light in strong white light: revisiting the enigmatic question of why leaves are green","volume":"50","author":"Terashima","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj014","article-title":"Irradiance and phenotype: comparative eco-development of sun and shade leaves in relation to photosynthetic CO2 diffusion","volume":"57","author":"Terashima","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.165472","article-title":"Leaf functional anatomy in relation to photosynthesis","volume":"155","author":"Terashima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076672","article-title":"Light environment within a leaf I. Optical properties of paradermal sections of camellia leaves with special reference to differences in the optical properties of palisade and spongy tissues","volume":"24","author":"Terashima","year":"1983","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aob.a090605","article-title":"Tissue differentiation in some foliage leaves","volume":"50","author":"Tetley","year":"1936","journal-title":"Ann Bot"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11380","DOI":"10.1002\/aps3.11380","article-title":"Digitally deconstructing leaves in 3D using X-ray microcomputed tomography and machine learning","volume":"8","author":"Th\u00e9roux-Rancourt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Plant Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.172346","article-title":"The mechanistic basis of internal conductance: a theoretical analysis of mesophyll cell photosynthesis and CO2 diffusion","volume":"156","author":"Tholen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1095-8339.2002.138002163.x","article-title":"A contribution to the leaf and young stem anatomy of the Combretaceae","volume":"138","author":"Tilney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bot J Linn Soc"},{"key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.2.419","article-title":"Chloroplast distribution in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) depends on light conditions during growth","volume":"11","author":"Trojan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17772","article-title":"The three-dimensional construction of leaves is coordinated with water use efficiency in conifers","volume":"233","author":"Trueba","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S1360-1385(96)80031-8","article-title":"Leaves and light capture: light propagation and gradients of carbon fixation within leaves","volume":"1","author":"Vogelman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3040.2002.00910.x","article-title":"Profiles of light absorption and chlorophyll within spinach leaves from chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"25","author":"Vogelmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.1993.tb00845.x","article-title":"The functional significance of palisade tissue: penetration of directional versus diffuse light","volume":"16","author":"Vogelmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1942.tb07074.x","article-title":"The mechanism of elongation in palisade cells","volume":"41","author":"Watson","year":"1942","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01378857","article-title":"Microtubules and cell shaping in the mesophyll of Nigella damascena L","volume":"173","author":"Wernicke","year":"1993","journal-title":"Protoplasma"},{"key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0016-8025.2003.01117.x","article-title":"Chloroplast movements in the field","volume":"26","author":"Williams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ"},{"key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1948.tb08108.x","article-title":"The dominant role of the epidermis in leaves of Adiantum","volume":"35","author":"Wylie","year":"1948","journal-title":"Am J Bot"},{"issue":"21","key":"2025121720014836000_kiae659-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6021","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw359","article-title":"The influence of leaf anatomy on the internal light environment and photosynthetic electron transport rate: exploration with a new leaf ray tracing model","volume":"67","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"}],"container-title":["Plant Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/plphys\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/plphys\/kiae659\/61227012\/kiae659.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/plphys\/article-pdf\/198\/4\/kiae659\/61227012\/kiae659.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/plphys\/article-pdf\/198\/4\/kiae659\/61227012\/kiae659.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T01:01:56Z","timestamp":1766019716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/plphys\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/plphys\/kiae659\/7927692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/plphys\/kiae659","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-0889","1532-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-0889","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"article-number":"kiae659"}}