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In particular, the optimal atmospheric CO2 concentration for maximizing the CO2 fertilization effect is still unclear. In this study, we examined the optimal CO2 concentration for crop yield, plant growth, and leaf photosynthesis in soybean (Glycine max) plants utilizing environmental growth chambers to control CO2 concentration from 400 to 1,600\u2005\u03bcmol mol\u22121 with intervals of 200\u2005\u03bcmol mol\u22121. Our findings indicate that the optimal atmospheric CO2 concentrations for crop yield and plant growth are between 1,000 and 1,200\u2005\u03bcmol mol\u22121. Similarly, the optimal CO2 concentration for leaf photosynthesis is approximately 1,200\u2005\u03bcmol mol\u22121, at which point the CO2 fertilization effect reaches its maximum. Beyond this optimum, further increases in CO2 concentration not only reduce grain yield and plant biomass but also decrease leaf photosynthesis in soybeans. This demonstrates that high CO2 concentrations exceeding optimal levels have adverse effects on this critical grain crop. The physiological declines in the CO2 fertilization effect observed in soybean plants were modified by decreases in stomatal density and stomatal distribution regularity, biochemical and photochemical efficiency, and the expression level of photosynthetic genes at higher CO2 concentrations. Furthermore, this knowledge can contribute to a deeper understanding of the temporal dynamics of CO2 fertilization effects on terrestrial vegetation uptake and global carbon storage in the context of future climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiaf279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T08:04:33Z","timestamp":1750838673000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mechanisms behind the declining CO2 fertilization effects on plant growth and grain yield in soybean (\n                    <i>Glycine max<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"198","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3857-6243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhijie","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering , Handan, Hebei 056038 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"School of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering , Handan, Hebei 056038 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering , Handan, Hebei 056038 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering , Handan, Hebei 056038 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinshuai","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering , Handan, Hebei 056038 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering , Handan, Hebei 056038 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering , Handan, Hebei 056038 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering , Handan, Hebei 056038 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5852-9535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoran","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth System Science, Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunpu","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering , Handan, Hebei 056038 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2025082906565793100_kiaf279-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2003.09.002","article-title":"Testing the \u201csource-sink\u201d hypothesis of down-regulation of photosynthesis in elevated [CO2] in the field with single gene substitutions in Glycine max","volume":"122","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agric For Meteorol."},{"key":"2025082906565793100_kiaf279-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2021.02.016","article-title":"Rubisco Activase A (RcaA) is a central node in overlapping gene network of drought and salinity in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and may contribute to combined stress tolerance","volume":"161","author":"Aliakbari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. 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