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It examines some new observations about the functions and assumed functions of CA in plants and algae. Specifically, CA does not regulate pH within plant cells as in blood, which has a high CO2 concentration. Nor do the chloroplast CAs help deliver CO2 to Rubisco during C3 photosynthesis in plants. However, CAs are essential to plants and algae. An under-appreciated function of CA is supplying bicarbonate for many other carboxylases in plants and algae. These CA-requiring carboxylases are involved in nucleotide, fatty acid, and amino acid biosynthesis. In addition, CAs are also essential to the operation of CO2 concentrating mechanisms in C4 plants and algae. The functions of the various CAs in C4 photosynthesis and in the CO2 concentrating mechanisms of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae are reviewed in detail.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiag172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:48:42Z","timestamp":1774615722000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Update: carbonic anhydrases in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"201","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3652-5293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James V","family":"Moroney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA 70803 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062423262991000_kiag172-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20050556","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrase (Nce103p): an essential biosynthetic enzyme for growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at atmospheric carbon dioxide pressure","volume":"391","author":"Aguilera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2026062423262991000_kiag172-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pp.45.060194.002101","article-title":"The role of carbonic anhydrase in photosynthesis","volume":"45","author":"Badger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu Rev Plant Biol"},{"key":"2026062423262991000_kiag172-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.13149","article-title":"Rubisco is not really so bad","volume":"41","author":"Bathellier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ"},{"key":"2026062423262991000_kiag172-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2308600120","article-title":"Identification of a carbonic anhydrase\u2013rubisco complex within the alpha- carboxysome","volume":"120","author":"Blikstad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2026062423262991000_kiag172-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4054","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00151-10","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrase is essential for Streptococcus pneumoniae growth in environmental ambient air","volume":"192","author":"Burghout","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2026062423262991000_kiag172-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-013-9912-4","article-title":"Regulation of the carbon-concentrating mechanism in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. 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