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We quantified annual wood anatomy, leaf phenology, and growth in a whole-ecosystem experiment with 5 warming levels (up to +9 \u00b0C) and 2 CO2 levels (ambient and +500\u2005ppm) in Picea mariana (conservative spruce) and Larix laricina (acquisitive larch). We identified a phenology-tracheid-growth spectrum, reflecting a trade-off between hydraulic safety (thicker walls, higher tracheid density, and later green-up) and fast growth (wider tracheids, delayed green-down, and longer growing seasons). In spruce, earlier green-up, longer growing seasons, and later green-down increased the latewood hydraulic diameter more than the earlywood. In larch, earlier green-up increased earlywood hydraulic diameter, while later green-down increased latewood mechanical safety via thicker walls. Larch exhibited greater phenological sensitivity to elevated CO2 in regulating wood anatomy than spruce. Warming indirectly increased spruce growth by extending the growing season, which increased the latewood hydraulic diameter and subsequently enhanced overall growth. Warming directly increased larch growth but not through enhanced earlywood hydraulic conductivity. These findings demonstrate the role of divergent phenological adjustments in hydraulic function, with implications for boreal carbon and water fluxes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiag284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T11:47:54Z","timestamp":1780573674000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Leaf phenology affects wood anatomy in an ecosystem warming experiment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"201","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6495-7133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanjun","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University , Pullman, WA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3104-1900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandria L","family":"Pivovaroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, 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