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Identification and quantification of vascular cell types remain manual, time-consuming, and prone to observer bias, limiting throughput and reproducibility. Automated, integrated tools are critical for scaling wood anatomical studies and enabling comparative analyses across taxa. We assembled a poplar xylem dataset of 1,790 microscopy images with 173,434 annotated instances. Using this dataset, we evaluated seven semantic segmentation models and five YOLOv8 detection models across section types for xylem cell recognition and morphometric attribute extraction and adopted a \u201cSegmentation-then-Detection\u201d pipeline to reduce misidentifications in complex backgrounds. Mask2Former achieved the best segmentation performance, covering transverse sections (whole xylem, vessels, fibers, rays) and tangential sections (rays and four ray cell image types). YOLOv8x and YOLOv8m performed consistently for object detection and morphometrics, and the PLXY\u2013AI toolkit was accordingly developed based on YOLOv8 architecture. The combined pipeline markedly improved fiber identification in challenging images. In a generalization test, 34 of 42 woody angiosperms (81.0%) met &amp;gt;90% accuracy for identifying all cell types. The workflow and PLXY\u2013AI toolkit enable automated identification and quantification of vessels, fibers, and rays, extracting size and area while substantially reducing manual workload and observer bias. Per-image processing time averages &amp;lt;1\u2005s. Designed for batch analysis, the pipeline minimizes operational complexity and integrates easily into existing laboratory and computational environments. With a user-friendly graphical interface, this framework supports high-throughput analysis of vascular tissue structure and function across multiple tree species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiag324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T22:11:17Z","timestamp":1782252677000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Toward scalable wood anatomy: a toolkit for automated xylem cell identification and quantification in woody angiosperms"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"201","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4133-0923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longwei","family":"Mei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Poplar 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& Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Poplar Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8717-558X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihe","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Poplar Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruoya","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural 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Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7405-4402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quanzi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Forest Food Resources, Zhejiang A & F University , Hangzhou ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Breeding, International Research Center for Plant Cell Wall, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University , Hangzhou ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0725-6909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manzhu","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 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