{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:37:40Z","timestamp":1791819460166,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fusarium graminearum threatens grain safety through trichothecene mycotoxins; yet, how it temporally orchestrates virulence during early root colonization\u2014which compromises seedling vigor and facilitates stem invasion\u2014remains unclear. We performed high-resolution transcriptomics of F. graminearum-infecting maize roots every 6\u2005h over 48\u2005hpi, revealing 3 infection phases: penetration initiation (0 to 6\u2005hpi), colonization establishment (12\u2005hpi), and systemic disruption (18 to 48\u2005hpi). Among 6,839 fungal genes, we delineated a 3-phase virulence program: rapid activation of protein synthesis enables early secretion of effectors and hydrolases that facilitate host attachment and penetration; sustained deployment of diverse hydrolases and immunosuppressive effectors enables colonization through combined nutrient acquisition and defense suppression; and late-phase vascular degradation coupled with deoxynivalenol biosynthesis may contribute to systemic host disruption by compromising tissue integrity and disarming immunity. This program coincides with a shift from ROS scavenging to endogenous signaling that may promote toxin production and invasive growth. Notably, we identified FgCPA1, a conserved Phase II carboxypeptidase A essential for root colonization, whose protease domain triggers light-independent cell death in N. benthamiana independent of its signal peptide. This temporal framework uncovers phase-specific coordination of tissue invasion and mycotoxin production, providing actionable targets for antivirulence strategies to safeguard grain quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiag404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T11:54:34Z","timestamp":1781870074000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temporally programmed virulence cascade drives progressive maize root rot by\n                    <i>Fusarium graminearum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"201","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6933-1017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingjian","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Production of Wheat-Maize Double Cropping, Henan Agricultural University , No. 218 Ping'an Avenue, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou 450046 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"The Shennong Laboratory\/Grain Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 116 Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002 ,","place":["P. R. China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxiu","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Production of Wheat-Maize Double Cropping, Henan Agricultural University , No. 218 Ping'an Avenue, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou 450046 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honglan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Production of Wheat-Maize Double Cropping, Henan Agricultural University , No. 218 Ping'an Avenue, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou 450046 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaogong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Production of Wheat-Maize Double Cropping, Henan Agricultural University , No. 218 Ping'an Avenue, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou 450046 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebi Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Jiuzhou Road, Qibin District, Hebi 458000 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YanYan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Production of Wheat-Maize Double Cropping, Henan Agricultural University , No. 218 Ping'an Avenue, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou 450046 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunkai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Production of Wheat-Maize Double Cropping, Henan Agricultural University , No. 218 Ping'an Avenue, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou 450046 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihua","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Production of Wheat-Maize Double Cropping, Henan Agricultural University , No. 218 Ping'an Avenue, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou 450046 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4334-3874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junqiang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Production of Wheat-Maize Double Cropping, Henan Agricultural University , No. 218 Ping'an Avenue, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou 450046 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