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Stomatal patterning therefore influences water use efficiency and is a target for engineering to avoid drought stress. However, there is limited understanding of how internal leaf anatomy is coordinated with stomatal development, in part due to the technical challenges of assessing three-dimensional anatomy with sufficient resolution. C4 grasses are understudied, and this is a significant knowledge gap, given their file-like stomatal distribution and unique mesophyll organization. In this study, wild-type sorghum and a low-stomatal density transgenic line expressing a synthetic Epidermal Patterning Factor (EPFsyn) were studied. High-resolution microCT was paired with machine learning to characterize three-dimensional traits of mesophyll, epidermis, and airspace, which together determine airspace CO2 conductance (gias). Sorghum internal leaf airspace is an arrangement of large sub-stomatal airspaces with thin air passageways. Adaxial and abaxial surfaces differed in stomatal patterning relative to mesophyll structures, sub-stomatal crypts, and gias. Adaxial stomata were located above rather than between vascular bundles. Unexpectedly, gias was not significantly different in wild-type versus EPFsyn. The EPFsyn plants had larger crypts and shifts in internal leaf anatomy, indicating a potential compensation mechanism for predicted impacts of reduced stomatal density on gias. These findings provide a new understanding of the interplay between leaf surface\u2013specific anatomy and internal structural patterning of the mesophyll in a C4 species and provide knowledge relevant to engineering water use efficiency in crop species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiag414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T11:41:53Z","timestamp":1781782913000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["High-resolution microCT reveals relationships between stomata and interior leaf anatomy in sorghum"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"201","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0248-921X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James M","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , 1206 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 ,","place":["United 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