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Solitary stomatal patterns are common, yet some land plants develop noncontiguous stomatal clustering, where 2 or more stomata occur in groups and overlay a single air cavity. Clustering improves stomatal efficiency, reduces plant water use, and increases resilience to environment stress. How cluster development and physiology interact and integrate with the environment are open questions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Here we used TESSERA, a deep-learning platform for stomatal detection with an interactive interface for data review. Tracking Begonia stomatal clustering patterns across various Begonias, we have uncovered correlations for stomatal clustering traits. The stomatal parameter data were applied to identify genetic loci involved in Begonia stomatal development using quantitative trait locus analysis. Combined with differential gene expression to refine the candidate list, our analysis reveals known and potential new Begonia candidates in stomatal development. As a test of this knowledge, we cloned Begonia SPEECHLESS (BegSPCH), a loci identified in this screen and an established development-related gene in Arabidopsis. Unexpectedly, Arabidopsis spch-3 mutants transformed to express BegSPCH developed stomatal clusters unlike the mutant plants expressing AtSPCH. Thus, various molecular and environmental factors likely overlay transcriptional regulation in stomatal development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiag496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T11:57:04Z","timestamp":1783684624000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genetic markers of stomatal cluster development in\n                    <i>Begoniaceae<\/i>\n                    revealed through trait analysis assisted by interactive deep-learning"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"201","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0584-5246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thu Phan","family":"Ly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Science Group, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5930-287X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan M","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4WA ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3482-1654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhijit","family":"Karnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4WA ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6426-3000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine A","family":"Kidner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3JW ,","place":["United 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