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In C4 plants, the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) is one of the most abundant leaf enzymes and plays an essential role in photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation. The enzyme also plays a key role in central metabolism (eg providing intermediates to the citric acid cycle) and therefore must be highly regulated to coordinate its activity. The regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity can occur allosterically by glucose 6-phosphate activation and malate inhibition, which is in part influenced by reversible phosphorylation. A specific light-dependent phosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase at an N-terminal serine residue by the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase\u2013protein kinase can regulate its sensitivity to this allosteric regulation. However, the impact of this phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase phosphorylation has not been tested in a C4 crop. Therefore, we created phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase\u2013protein kinase mutant lines in Zea mays to assess the impact of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase phosphorylation on its allosteric regulation, photosynthesis, and growth. While the maximum phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity was unchanged, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase\u2013protein kinase mutant plants was not phosphorylated under light and was more sensitive to malate inhibition. However, gas exchange, electron transport, and field biomass analyses showed no differences in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase\u2013protein kinase mutant plants. These results demonstrate that in Z. mays, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase phosphorylation affects enzyme sensitivity to malate in vitro but does not substantially alter photosynthetic performance or growth under field conditions, suggesting additional regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity in planta.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiag606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T11:49:38Z","timestamp":1787140178000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase\u2013protein kinase in C4 photosynthesis: insights from\n                    <i>Zea mays<\/i>\n                    mutant analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"202","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8396-1784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muluken","family":"Enyew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University , 100 Dairy Road, Eastlick Hall G81, Pullman, WA 99164-4236 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8571-3143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony J","family":"Studer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , AW-101 Turner Hall, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6766-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russell","family":"Woodford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Monash University , 25 Rainforest walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8466-4186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Ermakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Monash University , 25 Rainforest walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8366-2071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"von Caemmerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of 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