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The interactive effects of N form (NH4+ or NO3\u2212) and soil moisture on root morphological plasticity and whole-plant N allocation during this period remain poorly characterized. We subjected 2-year-old apple trees to five NH4+\/NO3\u2212 ratios under contrasting soil moisture regimes spanning budbreak to shoot elongation. Combined NH4+\/NO3\u2212 supply, particularly at 25:75, optimized root architecture by maintaining high absorptive-to-structural root length ratios at moderate total root length, enhancing whole-plant total N accumulation by 59% and 21% over sole nitrate and ammonium, respectively, under moderate drought (50% field capacity). Balanced N supply decoupled carbon (C) and N partitioning, achieving the highest C\u2013N allocation deviation index (0.68), facilitating preferential N enrichment in shoots while minimizing root C investment. Leaf nitrate reductase activity under drought reached maximum values under balanced supply despite reduced substrate availability, indicating that whole-plant photosynthetic status rather than substrate concentration determined assimilation capacity under water limitation. Partial least squares path modeling revealed soil moisture functions as a mechanistic switch determining N acquisition pathways: under drought, N accumulation was driven predominantly by root morphological quality (absorptive root proportion and specific root length; \u03b2 = 0.76), whereas under adequate moisture, absorptive root length became the primary driver (\u03b2 = 0.80). These findings demonstrate that coordinating NH4+\/NO3\u2212 ratio with soil water availability provides a mechanistic basis for climate-adapted fertigation strategies supporting early-season N acquisition under intensifying spring drought.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiag634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T20:03:42Z","timestamp":1787947422000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ammonium\u2013nitrate ratio and soil moisture jointly regulate early-spring nitrogen acquisition through root architectural plasticity in apple"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"202","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6016-0071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zengyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7174-5672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WuWei JinCang Bioscience Co., Ltd. , Wuwei, Gansu 733399 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil, Fertilizer and Water-Saving Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Gansu 730070 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil, Fertilizer and Water-Saving Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Gansu 730070 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4203-9953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengfei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNSIG Anhui Hongsifang Fertilizer Co., Ltd. , Hefei, Anhui 231602 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weifeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 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