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The effects of NPx contamination on soybean growth and N2 fixation potential in the presence of nickel oxide NPs (NiO-NPs) remain poorly understood. This study investigated the accumulation and phytotoxicity of polystyrene NPx (PS-NPx) and NiO-NPs in soybean and their effects on nitrogen fixation potential. Single or co-exposure of NPx and NiO-NPs (100\u2005mg\u2005kg\u22121) markedly reduced photosynthetic efficiency (8% to 48%), elevated biochemical stress markers (25% to 164%), downregulated phytohormone levels (13% to 54%), and negatively affected nitrogen fixation potential (19% to 35%), ultimately leading to reduced plant physiological growth (21% to 57%). This was due to PS-NPx accumulation in the leaves and structural abnormalities in vacuoles (including altered vacuole morphology), cell walls, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. In contrast, NiO-NPs at 50\u2005mg\u2005kg\u22121 significantly increased nodule formation (16%) and biomass (20%), thereby enhancing N2-fixation (14%) in soybean plants. This improvement was attributed to the upregulation of N2 assimilation enzymes in nodules, roots, and shoots that promoted N2 content in the plant, resulting in increased plant growth. This study improves our understanding of the potential environmental risks associated with the accumulation of NPx and NiO-NPs in legume crops and provides valuable scientific insights into their impacts on plant growth and N2 fixation in soybean.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiag651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:17:25Z","timestamp":1788520645000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanoplastic and nickel nanoparticles modulate soybean performance and nitrogen assimilation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"202","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8386-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran","family":"Azeem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 ,","place":["PR China"]},{"name":"School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University , Sanya 572025 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2462-8260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Adeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, , Zhuhai 519000 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology , Izmir 35430 ,","place":["Turkey"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5159-7415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noman","family":"Shakoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation and College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 ,","place":["PR 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