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At that time, chitinases and \u03b2-1,3-glucanases were known to accumulate after infection, wounding, and ethylene treatment, but whether these proteins actually restricted fungal growth remained unclear. By resolving distinct hydrolase isoforms and showing that inducible chitinase and \u03b2-1,3-glucanase act synergistically to inhibit fungal growth and lyse hyphal tips, these studies transformed infection-induced enzyme accumulation into a mechanistic model of antifungal activity. We now recognize that fungal cell wall hydrolysis also releases glycan fragments that act as immune signals and are perceived by plant immune receptors, linking pathogen damage to immune activation in plants. At the same time, pathogens have evolved counterstrategies to mask, modify, or protect these cell wall components, limiting both enzymatic access and immune detection. Thus, the Boller studies anticipated a central theme of modern molecular plant pathology: plant\u2013pathogen interactions are dynamic interfaces where host enzymes, pathogen wall fragments, immune receptors, and pathogen counterstrategies converge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiag655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T08:21:51Z","timestamp":1788423711000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From antifungal hydrolases to modern plant immunity: revisiting the legacy of Boller"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"202","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2724-9012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ritu","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences , Plant and Environmental Sciences (PES) Building, Room 1210, 387 North Quad Ave , , Davis, CA 95616 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"University of California , Plant and Environmental Sciences (PES) Building, Room 1210, 387 North Quad Ave , , Davis, CA 95616 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8225-2441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M","family":"Laxalt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas (IIB)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) , Mar del Plata ,","place":["Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101203565006000_kiag655-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.47.1.129","article-title":"Preparation and purification of glucanase and chitinase from bean leaves","volume":"47","author":"Abeles","year":"1971","journal-title":"Plant 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