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Early identification and characterization of the Arabidopsis accumulation and replication of chloroplasts (arc) mutants paved the way for the molecular dissection of the plastid division apparatus, whose components have both prokaryotic ancestral and eukaryotic host origins. Molecular and cell biological studies revealed that plastid division operates through interdependent interactions among the Min-system positioning factors, the stromal FtsZ ring, envelope-associated ARC6, PARC6, and PDV proteins, and cytosolic ARC5\/DRP5B proteins, which act in concert to position the division site and drive plastid separation under developmental and environmental regulation. Comparisons with mitochondrial and peroxisomal proliferation unveil shared division factors among these metabolically connected organelles. Insights into plant organelle division may inform strategies for the manipulation of organelle abundance to improve crop quality and resilience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiag698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:35:09Z","timestamp":1789673709000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plant organelle division orchestrated by the mosaic machinery of endosymbiotic relics and eukaryotic host factors"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"202","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1240-4941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University , 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824 ,","place":["United 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