{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:50:54Z","timestamp":1791568254111,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32472639"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32472639"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["324MS016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["324MS016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovational Fund for Scientific and Technological Personnel of Hainan Province","award":["KJRC2023C42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJRC2023C42"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Botrytis cinerea is a globally destructive plant pathogen that threatens major agricultural crops. Although biocontrol agents are widely used against this fungus, their inconsistent efficacy reflects a limited mechanistic understanding, hindering the development of effective disease management strategies. In this study, we investigated the in-depth biocontrol mechanism of Trichoderma breve against B. cinerea on tomato plants and various fruits. We identified a new microRNA, Tri-milR29, from T. breve. Tri-milR29 is delivered into B. cinerea via extracellular vesicles, enabling cross-species RNA interference. Once inside B. cinerea, Tri-milR29 targets the chitin synthase genes BcCHS7 and BcCHS6, thereby impairing fungal growth and reducing its pathogenicity. This cross-species miRNA phenomenon significantly enhanced the antifungal and disease-suppressing efficacy of T. breve against B. cinerea. Moreover, to optimize the antifungal and disease-control effects of Tri-milR29, we engineered polyethyleneimine-modified carbon dot nanocomposites (CPP) as nanocarriers using coconut water as a raw material. This green, biomass-based nanocarrier system improved the delivery and uptake of Tri-milR29 in B. cinerea. Pot experiments indicated that CPP-loaded Tri-milR29 improved disease control efficacy by 37.5%. A 6-mo field trial further confirmed that its field control rate reached 78.71%, which was close to the commercial fungicide procymidone (82.84%). Understanding the targets and mechanism of Tri-milR29, along with its enhanced performance via CPP facilitation, could support the broader application of dsRNA-CPP in other plant\u2013pathogen systems, leading to reduced chemical inputs and encouraging safer, more environmentally friendly alternatives<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiag715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:36:40Z","timestamp":1790077000000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A\n                    <i>Trichoderma<\/i>\n                    milRNA cross-species targeting chitin synthases genes is delivered by carbon nanomaterials to suppress\n                    <i>Botrytis cinerea<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"202","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0890-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaping","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University , Sanya 572025 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0644-1299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University , Sanya 572025 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Henan Province Key Laboratory of Efficient Crop Production and Food Quality Safety, Zhoukou Normal University , Zhoukou 466001 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1904-3955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University , Sanya 572025 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4344-0886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuewei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University , Haikou 570228 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5767-3466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raja Asad Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University , Sanya 572025 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0168-0867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University , Sanya 572025 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1114-4988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jumei","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University , Sanya 572025 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8280-3223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and 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