{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:44:50Z","timestamp":1791830690143,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Whole-genome duplication (WGD) is a recurrent feature of plant evolution and crop improvement, yet its direct contribution to abiotic stress tolerance remains difficult to disentangle from hybridization effects. Using full-sibling diploid (2x) and neotetraploid (4x) Medicago sativa genotypes generated through bilateral sexual polyploidization, we investigated how WGD alone reshapes physiological performance and gene\u2013miRNA regulatory networks under salt stress. Neotetraploid plants displayed enhanced tolerance to salinity, maintaining higher chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and shoot integrity, alongside reduced visual damage compared with diploid siblings. Transcriptome profiling revealed that ploidy level, rather than salt treatment per se, was the dominant driver of gene expression variation. Indeed, WGD resulted in extensive and largely constitutive transcriptional reprogramming, with more than 2,000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) distinguishing 4x from 2x plants under both control and saline conditions. By contrast, under salt stress, 705 DEGs specifically differentiated tetraploids from diploids and were enriched in receptor-like kinases, phosphorylation pathways, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and WRKY- and MYB-centered regulatory modules. Co-expression network analysis identified salt-associated modules linking signaling and antioxidant pathways with stress-related physiological traits. Small RNA sequencing further showed that WGD reshapes post-transcriptional regulation, with limited salt-induced miRNA changes but the emergence of ploidy-dependent miRNA hubs, including miR2593e and a novel miRNA, targeting signaling and defense-related genes. We hypothesize that WGD establishes a stress-ready regulatory architecture in which coordinated transcriptional and post-transcriptional network rebalancing acts as a buffering system that improves alfalfa physiological performance under salinity, without strong induction of canonical salt-responsive genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiag757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T11:51:11Z","timestamp":1791546671000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Whole-genome duplication reshapes gene\u2013miRNA regulatory networks underlying improved salt stress tolerance in\n                    <i>Medicago sativa<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1316-5694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo Fabrizio","family":"Santoro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4336-1159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmine","family":"Del Regno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"SAFE\u2014School of Agricultural, Forest, Food, and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata , Potenza ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7218-4422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron W","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2096-2799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Cappetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7649-2860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1735-9338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Carputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1897-4028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Ambrosone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8473-7012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Rosellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"CIB \u2013 Interuniversity Biotechnology Consortium ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"container-title":["Plant Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/plphys\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/plphys\/kiag757\/71880477\/kiag757.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/plphys\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/plphys\/kiag757\/71880477\/kiag757.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:49:07Z","timestamp":1791827347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/plphys\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/plphys\/kiag757\/8910670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/plphys\/kiag757","relation":{},"ISSN":["0032-0889","1532-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0032-0889","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"article-number":"kiag757"}}