{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:03:40Z","timestamp":1792649020217,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]],"date-time":"2020-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HD082302-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HD082302-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To evaluate the effects of neuromodulation techniques in adults with phantom limb pain (PLP).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A systematic search was performed, comprising randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental (QE) studies that were published from database inception to February 2019 and that measured the effects of neuromodulation in adults with PLP. Hedge\u2019s g effect size (ES) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated, and random-effects meta-analyses were performed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fourteen studies (nine RCTs and five QE noncontrolled studies) were included. The meta-analysis of RCTs showed significant effects for i) excitatory primary motor cortex (M1) stimulation in reducing pain after stimulation (ES = \u22121.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] = \u22122.26 to \u22120.45); ii) anodal M1 transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in lowering pain after stimulation (ES = \u22121.50, 95% CI = \u22122.05 to 0.95), and one-week follow-up (ES = \u22121.04, 95% CI = \u22121.64 to 0.45). The meta-analysis of noncontrolled QE studies demonstrated a high rate of pain reduction after stimulation with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (rate = 67%, 95% CI = 60% to 73%) and at one-year follow-up with deep brain stimulation (rate = 73%, 95% CI = 63% to 82%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The evidence from RCTs suggests that excitatory M1 stimulation\u2014specifically, anodal M1 tDCS\u2014has a significant short-term effect in reducing pain scale scores in PLP. Various neuromodulation techniques appear to have a significant and positive impact on PLP, but due to the limited amount of data, it is not possible to draw more definite conclusions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T21:51:58Z","timestamp":1580248318000},"page":"2310-2322","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Neuromodulation Techniques in Phantom Limb Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Pacheco-Barrios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Generaci\u00f3n y S\u00edntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianguo","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, College of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R. 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