{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:47:19Z","timestamp":1792176439281,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute Cancer Center Support","award":["P30CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA008748"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the advancement of technology, peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has been increasingly used to treat various chronic pain conditions. Its origin is based on the gate control theory postulated by Wall and Melzack in 1965. However, the exact mechanism behind PNS\u2019 analgesic effect is largely unknown. In this article, we performed a comprehensive literature review to overview the PNS mechanism of action.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A comprehensive literature review on the mechanism of PNS in chronic pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Comprehensive review of the available literature on the mechanism of PNS in chronic pain. Data were derived from database searches of PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library and manual searches of bibliographies and known primary or review articles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Animal, human, and imaging studies have demonstrated the peripheral and central analgesic mechanisms of PNS by modulating the inflammatory pathways, the autonomic nervous system, the endogenous pain inhibition pathways, and involvement of the cortical and subcortical areas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peripheral nerve stimulation exhibits its neuromodulatory effect both peripherally and centrally. Further understanding of the mechanism of PNS can help guide stimulation approaches and parameters to optimize the use of PNS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T19:10:21Z","timestamp":1587755421000},"page":"S6-S12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":143,"title":["Mechanism of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation in Chronic Pain"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, NewYork-Presbyterian\/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akshat","family":"Gargya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, NewYork-Presbyterian\/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harmandeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, NewYork-Presbyterian\/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3419-9209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eellan","family":"Sivanesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amitabh","family":"Gulati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021012411205015500_pnaa164-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/isbn.978-3-8055-9489-9","volume-title":"Peripheral Nerve Stimulation.","author":"Slavin","year":"2011"},{"issue":"103","key":"2021012411205015500_pnaa164-B2","first-page":"52974","article-title":"Assessment of neuromuscular function using percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation","author":"Rozand","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021012411205015500_pnaa164-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000476","article-title":"Randomized trial of peripheral nerve stimulation to enhance modified constraint-induced therapy after stroke","volume":"95","author":"Carrico","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021012411205015500_pnaa164-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2007.10.071","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy and depression","volume":"5","author":"Milby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"3699","key":"2021012411205015500_pnaa164-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1126\/science.150.3699.971","article-title":"Pain mechanism: A new theory","volume":"150","author":"Melzack","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3758","key":"2021012411205015500_pnaa164-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1126\/science.155.3758.108","article-title":"Temporary abolition of pain in man","volume":"155","author":"Wall","year":"1967","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021012411205015500_pnaa164-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1973.00490230083012","article-title":"Local analgesia from percutaneous electrical stimulation: A peripheral mechanism","volume":"28","author":"Campbell","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021012411205015500_pnaa164-B8","first-page":"e6506","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type 1 following a crush injury to the fifth digit: A rare case report","volume":"11","author":"Fritz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021012411205015500_pnaa164-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2018-100109","article-title":"Percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation for the treatment of chronic neuropathic postamputation pain: A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Gilmore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021012411205015500_pnaa164-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1159\/000323046","article-title":"Peripheral nerve stimulation for fibromyalgia. 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