{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T15:25:40Z","timestamp":1790522740915,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]],"date-time":"2020-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To present a history of the development of peripheral nerve stimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Narrative literature review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peripheral nerve stimulation has a history stretching from Scribonius Largus and eels in Mesopotamia to Michael Farady\u2019s discovery in London, the German-English physician Julius Althaus\u2019s application of electricity to a peripheral nerve, the sensational \u201cElectreat\u201d in the United States, to the application by Wall and Sweet of the gate theory proposed by Melzack and Wall to specialized neurosurgeons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is now a modern field in clinical neuroscience and medicine with improved technology, renewed interest by a diverse range of specialties, and accessibility with ultrasound.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T19:10:01Z","timestamp":1588360201000},"page":"S3-S5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["History of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation\u2014Update for the 21st Century"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Einar","family":"Ottestad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Acute Pain Service, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, 450 Broadway Street, Pavilion A, Suite A18, MC 5340, Redwood City, CA 94063"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S","family":"Orlovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2020081707464699000_pnaa165-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8739-5","article-title":"Scribonius Largus (probably before 1CE\u2013after 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