{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:26:44Z","timestamp":1788265604454,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]],"date-time":"2020-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Group-based pain management programs (GPMPs) have been found to significantly improve quality of life and other pain outcome measures in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. The aims of this meta-analysis were to reevaluate the overall effect of GPMPs on various pain outcomes for individuals experiencing chronic musculoskeletal conditions and to explore moderator variables that potentially contribute to the overall efficacy of GPMPs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the R package called metaphor and RevMan, we estimated the overall effectiveness of GPMPs on various pain outcome measures. The differential effectiveness of GPMPs was examined by conducting a mixed-effects meta-analytic model using various study-level characteristics. Moderator analyses included three content moderator variables and seven format moderator variables. Receiver operating characteristic curves investigated optimal points in some of the moderator variable analysis results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant overall main effects of GPMPs were found on all the explored outcome measures in this study (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). In moderator analyses, it was found that the structure of GPMPs, rather than the content, significantly improved outcomes (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses identified the optimal number of GPMP sessions and number of participants per group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>GPMPs have a statistically significant overall effect on all explored pain outcome measures. The investigation into content and structural moderators suggests that certain GPMP design factors have a greater effect on pain outcomes than do content factors. Therefore, GPMP structural designs appear to be important in reducing pain and improving quality of life for patients with chronic pain and warrant further investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T19:13:06Z","timestamp":1601061186000},"page":"407-429","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Meta-Analysis of Group-Based Pain Management Programs: Overall Effect on Quality of Life and Other Chronic Pain Outcome Measures, with an Exploration into Moderator Variables that Influence the Efficacy of Such Interventions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Marnin Joseph","family":"Romm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Department, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soyeon","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira","family":"Fiebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Department, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence Patrick","family":"Cahalin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy Department, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021022320184622400_pnaa376-B1","first-page":"9","article-title":"The chronic pain experience- a dynamic complex intercation","volume":"121","author":"Shipton","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021022320184622400_pnaa376-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2014.07.004","article-title":"Chronic pain rehabilitation","volume":"25","author":"Mathews","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"key":"2021022320184622400_pnaa376-B3","author":"Dahlamer","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021022320184622400_pnaa376-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4678083):1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4678083","article-title":"Results from 10 Years of a CBT Pain Self-Management Outpatient Program for Complex Chronic Conditions","volume":"2016","author":"Boschen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021022320184622400_pnaa376-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-11692004000200014","article-title":"Psico Terapia De Gr Upo: Como Sur Giu E Ev Psicoterapia Grupo: Surgiu: Ho W It Emer Ged and Ev Group Psycho Chotherapy Therapy: Emerged Terapia De Gr Upo: Como Sur Gi\u00f3 Y Ev Psicoterapia Grupo","volume":"12","author":"Bechelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Lat Am Enfermagem"},{"key":"2021022320184622400_pnaa376-B6","first-page":"11","article-title":"Tratamiento del dolor. 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