{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T16:50:10Z","timestamp":1789231810899,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009931","name":"Michigan Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E20182927-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E20182927-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009931","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Kids Kicking Cancer"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01 MH119241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01 MH119241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Gertrude Levin Endowed Chair in Addiction and Pain Biology"},{"name":"Helene Lycaki\/Joe Young, Sr. Funds"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100024198","name":"Detroit Wayne Integrated Health Network","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100024198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Standard of care for opioid use disorder (OUD) includes medication and counseling. However, there is an unmet need for complementary approaches to treat OUD patients coping with pain; furthermore, few studies have probed neurobiological features of pain or its management during OUD treatment. This preliminary study examines neurobiological and behavioral effects of a virtual reality-based meditative intervention in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment (MMT).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective, non-blinded, single-arm, 12-week intervention with standardized assessments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Academic research laboratory affiliated with an on-site MMT clinic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifteen (11 female) MMT patients completed a virtual reality, therapist-guided meditative intervention that included breathing and relaxation exercisessessions were scheduled twice weekly. Assessments included functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of pain neuromatrix activation and connectivity (pre- and post-intervention), saliva cortisol and C-reactive protein (CRP) at baseline and weeks 4, 8 and 12; and self-reported pain and affective symptoms before and after each intervention session.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After each intervention session (relative to pre-session), ratings of pain, opioid craving, anxiety and depression (but not anger) decreased. Saliva cortisol (but not CRP) levels decreased from pre- to post-session. From pre- to post-intervention fMRI assessments, pain task-related left postcentral gyrus (PCG) activation decreased. At baseline, PCG showed positive connectivity with other regions of the pain neuromatrix, but this pattern changed post-intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These preliminary findings demonstrate feasibility, therapeutic promise, and brain basis of a meditative intervention for OUD patients undergoing MMT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T17:31:50Z","timestamp":1620149510000},"page":"2739-2753","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A Virtual Reality Meditative Intervention Modulates Pain and the Pain Neuromatrix in Patients with Opioid Use Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Mohammed M","family":"Faraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina M","family":"Lipanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elimelech","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan"},{"name":"Kids Kicking Cancer"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin H","family":"Bluth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan"},{"name":"Kids Kicking Cancer"},{"name":"Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilary A","family":"Marusak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University"},{"name":"Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child and Family Development, Wayne State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9541-7321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark K","family":"Greenwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102209065716000_pnab162-B1","first-page":"1445","author":"Rudd","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024102209065716000_pnab162-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e187621","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.7621","article-title":"Prevention of prescription opioid misuse and projected overdose deaths in the United States","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2024102209065716000_pnab162-B3","first-page":"51","article-title":"Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health","volume":"170","year":"2019","journal-title":"HHS Publ No PEP19-5068, NSDUH Ser H-54"},{"key":"2024102209065716000_pnab162-B4","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024102209065716000_pnab162-B5","year":"2011"},{"key":"2024102209065716000_pnab162-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.03.006","article-title":"Chronic pain among patients with opioid use disorder: Results from electronic health records data","volume":"77","author":"Hser","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"2024102209065716000_pnab162-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107940","article-title":"Parallel modeling of pain and depression in prediction of relapse during buprenorphine and naloxone treatment: A finite mixture model","volume":"209","author":"Vest","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024102209065716000_pnab162-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0232-4","article-title":"Can neuroimaging help combat the opioid epidemic? 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