{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:01:45Z","timestamp":1790420505132,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":420,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The American Society of Regional Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and American Academy of Pain Medicine contracted with Emma Adhiambo Arigi of Nascent Medical, LLC"},{"name":"the Department of Defense, Musculoskeletal Injury Rehabilitation Research for Operational Readiness","award":["#HU00011920011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#HU00011920011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n The past two decades have witnessed a surge in the use of cervical spine joint procedures including joint injections, nerve blocks and radiofrequency ablation to treat chronic neck pain, yet many aspects of the procedures remain controversial.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n In August 2020, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine and the American Academy of Pain Medicine approved and charged the Cervical Joint Working Group to develop neck pain guidelines. Eighteen stakeholder societies were identified, and formal request-for-participation and member nomination letters were sent to those organizations. Participating entities selected panel members and an ad hoc steering committee selected preliminary questions, which were then revised by the full committee. Each question was assigned to a module composed of 4\u20135 members, who worked with the Subcommittee Lead and the Committee Chairs on preliminary versions, which were sent to the full committee after revisions. We used a modified Delphi method whereby the questions were sent to the committee en bloc and comments were returned in a non-blinded fashion to the Chairs, who incorporated the comments and sent out revised versions until consensus was reached. Before commencing, it was agreed that a recommendation would be noted with &gt;50% agreement among committee members, but a consensus recommendation would require \u226575% agreement.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Twenty questions were selected, with 100% consensus achieved in committee on 17 topics. Among participating organizations, 14 of 15 that voted approved or supported the guidelines en bloc, with 14 questions being approved with no dissensions or abstentions. Specific questions addressed included the value of clinical presentation and imaging in selecting patients for procedures, whether conservative treatment should be used before injections, whether imaging is necessary for blocks, diagnostic and prognostic value of medial branch blocks and intra-articular joint injections, the effects of sedation and injectate volume on validity, whether facet blocks have therapeutic value, what the ideal cut-off value is for designating a block as positive, how many blocks should be performed before radiofrequency ablation, the orientation of electrodes, whether larger lesions translate into higher success rates, whether stimulation should be used before radiofrequency ablation, how best to mitigate complication risks, if different standards should be applied to clinical practice and trials, and the indications for repeating radiofrequency ablation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Cervical medial branch radiofrequency ablation may provide benefit to well-selected individuals, with medial branch blocks being more predictive than intra-articular injections. More stringent selection criteria are likely to improve denervation outcomes, but at the expense of false-negatives (ie, lower overall success rate). Clinical trials should be tailored based on objectives, and selection criteria for some may be more stringent than what is ideal in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T22:03:41Z","timestamp":1633125821000},"page":"2443-2524","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Consensus practice guidelines on interventions for cervical spine (facet) joint pain from a multispecialty international working group"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Robert W","family":"Hurley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3969-4279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meredith C B","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith","family":"Barad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Redwood City, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Bhaskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust Haemodialysis Clinic, Hayes Satellite Unit, Hayes, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6292-8654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anuj","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management, University of Toronto and University Health Network - Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0570-9997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Chadwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8907-7730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy R","family":"Deer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine and Nerve Center of the Virginias, West Virginia University - Health Sciences Campus, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5645-6355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W Michael","family":"Hooten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narayan R","family":"Kissoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Wonhee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fullerton Orthopaedic Surgery Medical Group, Fullerton, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Mccormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5551-7750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jee Youn","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"},{"name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1849-1402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samer","family":"Narouze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pain Medicine, Summa Western Reserve Hospital, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Provenzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Diagnostics and Interventional Care, Sewickley, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"Pain Diagnostics and Interventional Care, Edgeworth, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byron J","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten","family":"van Eerd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Van Zundert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, UCSD Medical Center - Thornton Hospital, San Diego, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara M","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia, WRNMMC, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zirong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, VA Healthcare Center District of Columbia, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5928-2127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven P","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia, WRNMMC, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, WRNMMC, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Anesthesiology, Neurology, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Psychiatry, Pain Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neck pain in the general population, 1990-2017: systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"368","author":"Safiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-004-0864-4","article-title":"The prevalence of neck pain in the world population: a systematic critical review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Fejer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015","volume":"388","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31816454c8","article-title":"The burden and determinants of neck pain in the general population: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and its Associated Disorders","volume":"33","author":"Hogg-Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2002.00293.x","article-title":"Occipital headaches stemming from the lateral atlanto-axial (C1-2) joint","volume":"22","author":"Aprill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2002\/5\/243","article-title":"Prevalence of cervical facet joint pain in chronic neck pain","volume":"5","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199207000-00003","article-title":"The prevalence of cervical zygapophyseal joint pain. A first approximation","volume":"17","author":"Aprill","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198813060-00003","article-title":"The cervical zygapophysial joints as a source of neck pain","volume":"13","author":"Bogduk","year":"1988","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143210.x","article-title":"Diagnostic cervical zygapophyseal joint blocks for chronic cervical pain","volume":"174","author":"Speldewinde","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199501000-00004","article-title":"The prevalence of chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash","volume":"20","author":"Barnsley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)90123-6","article-title":"Whiplash injury","volume":"58","author":"Barnsley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199608010-00005","article-title":"Chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash. A placebo-controlled prevalence study","volume":"21","author":"Lord","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199006000-00005","article-title":"Cervical zygapophyseal joint pain patterns. II: A clinical evaluation","volume":"15","author":"Aprill","year":"1990","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2007.00169.x","article-title":"The prevalence of facet-joint-related chronic neck pain in postsurgical and nonpostsurgical patients: a comparative evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2016.02.026","article-title":"Cervical facet oedema: prevalence, correlation to symptoms, and follow-up imaging","volume":"71","author":"Nevalainen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2009.04.016","article-title":"The prevalence cervical facet arthrosis: an osseous study in a cadveric population","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B17","first-page":"1884","article-title":"The associations of neck pain with radiological abnormalities of the cervical spine and personality traits in a general population","volume":"18","author":"van der Donk","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B18","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Practice guidelines for spinal diagnostic and treatment procedures","year":"2013","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz358","article-title":"The effectiveness of cervical medial branch radiofrequency ablation for chronic facet joint syndrome in patients selected by a practical medial branch block paradigm","volume":"21","author":"Burnham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B20","first-page":"495","article-title":"Factors predicting success and failure for cervical facet radiofrequency denervation: a multi-center analysis","volume":"32","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa219","article-title":"The effectiveness of cervical medial branch thermal radiofrequency neurotomy stratified by selection criteria: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"Engel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B22","first-page":"E807","article-title":"An updated review of the diagnostic utility of cervical facet joint injections","volume":"15","author":"Falco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.19.163","article-title":"What is the correlation between facet joint radiofrequency outcome and response to comparative medial branch blocks?","volume":"19","author":"Holz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E133","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2020\/23\/E133","article-title":"Update of utilization patterns of facet joint interventions in managing spinal pain from 2000 to 2018 in the US fee-for-service Medicare population","volume":"23","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2020\/23\/S129","article-title":"Trends of expenditures and utilization of facet joint interventions in fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare population from 2009-2018","volume":"23","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B26","article-title":"Advances in the diagnosis and management of neck pain","volume":"358","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2020\/23\/S1","article-title":"Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for facet joint interventions in the management of chronic spinal pain: American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) guidelines facet joint interventions 2020 guidelines","volume":"23","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003799","article-title":"Efficacy and long-term effect of radiofrequency denervation in patients with clinically diagnosed cervical facet joint pain: a double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"46","author":"van Eerd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2019-101243","article-title":"Consensus practice guidelines on interventions for lumbar facet joint pain from a multispecialty, international working group","volume":"45","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B30","article-title":"Grade definitions"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B31","first-page":"521","article-title":"Consensus guidelines on the use of intravenous ketamine infusions for chronic pain from the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the American Academy of Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists","volume":"43","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12542","article-title":"The Neurostimulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee (NACC): recommendations on bleeding and coagulation management in neurostimulation devices","volume":"20","author":"Deer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12579","article-title":"The Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference (PacC): recommendations for intrathecal drug delivery: guidance for improving safety and mitigating risks","volume":"20","author":"Deer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/447","article-title":"Effectiveness of thermal annular procedures in treating discogenic low back pain","volume":"20","author":"Helm Ii","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B35","article-title":"Levels of evidence","year":"2009"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B36","article-title":"GRADE"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B37","article-title":"Unique aspects of clinical trials of invasive therapies for chronic pain","volume":"4","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-2242-0.00050-X","volume-title":"Essentials of pain medicine","author":"Narouze","year":"2011","edition":"3rd edn"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1985.tb122915.x","article-title":"Cervical headache","volume":"143","author":"Bogduk","year":"1985","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-4754(99)70006-0","article-title":"A proposed etiology of cervicogenic headache: the neurophysiologic basis and anatomic relationship between the dura mater and the rectus posterior capitis minor muscle","volume":"22","author":"Alix","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B41","first-page":"167","article-title":"The anatomy of occipital neuralgia","volume":"17","author":"Bogduk","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2008.00493.x","article-title":"Ventral innervation of the lateral C1-C2 joint: an anatomical study","volume":"9","author":"Yin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-2242-0.00018-3","volume-title":"Essentials of pain medicine","author":"Walker","year":"2011","edition":"3rd edn"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.10.054","article-title":"Acute neck pain caused by arthritis of the lateral atlantoaxial joint","volume":"14","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B45","first-page":"136","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine-clinical considerations","volume":"69","author":"Wasserman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2007.04.005","article-title":"Congenital anomalies of the cervical spine","volume":"18","author":"Klimo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1978.tb00049.x","article-title":"Some specific anatomical features of the atlas and axis: dens, epitransverse process and articular facets","volume":"48","author":"Tulsi","year":"1978","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Surg"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1376371","article-title":"A review of the diagnosis and treatment of atlantoaxial dislocations","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00201.x","article-title":"Cervical zygapophysial joint pain maps","volume":"8","author":"Cooper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199405001-00005","article-title":"Atlanto-occipital and lateral atlanto-axial joint pain patterns","volume":"19","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(96)03173-9","article-title":"Referred pain distribution of the cervical zygapophyseal joints and cervical dorsal rami","volume":"68","author":"Fukui","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(03)00100-2","article-title":"The neck and headaches","volume":"22","author":"Bogduk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-001-0029-7","article-title":"Cervicogenic headache: anatomic basis and pathophysiologic mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Bogduk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf166","article-title":"Stimulation of the greater occipital nerve induces increased central excitability of dural afferent input","volume":"125","author":"Bartsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-001-0030-1","article-title":"Cervicogenic headache: clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, and differential diagnosis","volume":"5","author":"Antonaci","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B56","article-title":"Occipital neuralgia and C1-C2 arthrosis","volume":"310","author":"Ehni","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199206001-00002","article-title":"Atlantoaxial lateral mass osteoarthritis. A frequently overlooked cause of severe occipitocervical pain","volume":"17","author":"Star","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.02.016","article-title":"A fourth atlantoaxial joint: an initial description","volume":"11","author":"Riesenburger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1633","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182a8a603","article-title":"Posterior bilateral supernumerary atlantoaxial facets: true or false joint?","volume":"38","author":"Salunke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.8.SPINE18918","article-title":"Atlantoaxial pseudoarticulation as a cause of neck pain: case illustration","volume":"30","author":"Boucher","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_603_2019","article-title":"Unilateral atlantoaxial pseudoarticulation: a case report, literature review, and proposed mechanism","volume":"11","author":"Eaton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00247.x","article-title":"The longitudinal effectiveness of lateral atlantoaxial intra-articular steroid injection in the treatment of cervicogenic headache","volume":"8","author":"Narouze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2013.11.005","article-title":"The neck and headaches","volume":"32","author":"Bogduk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1053\/crad.2001.0703","article-title":"The atlanto-axial joint: physiological range of rotation on MRI and CT","volume":"57","author":"Roche","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.08.018","article-title":"Outcomes of fusion for lateral atlantoaxial osteoarthritis: meta-analysis and review of literature","volume":"80","author":"Elliott","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000004441","article-title":"Torticollis caused by nontraumatic craniovertebral junction abnormalities","volume":"29","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-004-0506-5","article-title":"Prevalence of C1\/C2 involvement in Czech rheumatoid arthritis patients, correlation of pain intensity, and distance of ventral subluxation","volume":"26","author":"Vesela","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199612053352302","article-title":"Percutaneous radio-frequency neurotomy for chronic cervical zygapophyseal-joint pain","volume":"335","author":"Lord","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01351.x","article-title":"Cervical medial branch radiofrequency neurotomy in New Zealand","volume":"13","author":"MacVicar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3171\/SPI-07\/07\/033","article-title":"Changes in adjacent-level disc pressure and facet joint force after cervical arthroplasty compared with cervical discectomy and fusion","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S194","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182387f1d","article-title":"On cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash","volume":"36","author":"Bogduk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B72","first-page":"1s","article-title":"Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on whiplash-associated disorders: redefining \u201cwhiplash\u201d and its management","volume":"20","author":"Spitzer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-313","article-title":"A comparison of physical and psychological features of responders and non-responders to cervical facet blocks in chronic whiplash","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B74","article-title":"IHS classification ICHD-3: cervicogenic headache"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.10.1187","article-title":"Third occipital nerve headache: a prevalence study","volume":"57","author":"Lord","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B76","first-page":"343","article-title":"Medial branch blocks are specific for the diagnosis of cervical zygapophyseal joint pain","volume":"18","author":"Barnsley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Reg Anesth"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199006000-00004","article-title":"Cervical zygapophyseal joint pain patterns. I: A study in normal volunteers","volume":"15","author":"Dwyer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181c38a82","article-title":"Randomized study assessing the accuracy of cervical facet joint nerve (medial branch) blocks using different injectate volumes","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2006.07.009","article-title":"The validity of manual examination in assessing patients with neck pain","volume":"7","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.02.026","article-title":"Derivation of a clinical decision guide in the diagnosis of cervical facet joint pain","volume":"95","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.02.015","article-title":"Intrarater and interrater reliability of select clinical tests in patients referred for diagnostic facet joint blocks in the cervical spine","volume":"94","author":"Schneider","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.287.6401.1276","article-title":"Value of X ray examinations of the cervical spine","volume":"287","author":"Heller","year":"1983","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198701000-00001","article-title":"Neck pain: a long-term follow-up of 205 patients","volume":"12","author":"Gore","year":"1987","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12998-015-0052-0","article-title":"The correlation of radiographic findings and patient symptomatology in cervical degenerative joint disease: a cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"Rudy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chiropr Man Therap"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2018.0235","article-title":"The prevalence of asymptomatic cervical and lumbar facet arthropathy: a computed tomography study","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Spine J"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B86","first-page":"CR62","article-title":"Hypertrophic change of facet joint in the cervical spine","volume":"14","author":"Morishita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4103\/jcvjs.JCVJS_121_19","article-title":"Prevalence of facet joint arthritis and its association with spinal pain in mountain population - a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Tiwari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Craniovertebr Junction Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E713","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000326","article-title":"Facet joint degeneration of the cervical spine: a computed tomographic analysis of 320 patients","volume":"39","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-1811-y","article-title":"Is hybrid imaging (SPECT\/CT) a useful adjunct in the management of suspected facet joints arthropathy?","volume":"37","author":"Matar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3731","article-title":"Frequency of discordance between facet joint activity on technetium Tc99m methylene diphosphonate SPECT\/CT and selection for percutaneous treatment at a large multispecialty institution","volume":"35","author":"Lehman","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rlu.0000223155.73661.f1","article-title":"Facet joint arthropathy demonstrated on FDG-PET","volume":"31","author":"Houseni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.12565","article-title":"Value of 18 F-FDG PET\/MRI for the outcome of CT-guided facet block therapy in cervical facet syndrome: initial results","volume":"61","author":"Sawicki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.07.017","article-title":"Association between cervical degeneration and self-perceived nonrecovery after whiplash injury","volume":"19","author":"Rydman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2018.11.011","article-title":"A 20-year prospective longitudinal MRI study on cervical spine after whiplash injury: follow-up of a cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"Daimon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200209010-00023","article-title":"Cervical spine lesions after road traffic accidents: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Uhrenholt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-006-0379-y","article-title":"Imaging findings predicting the outcome of cervical facet joint blocks","volume":"17","author":"Hechelhammer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2016.06.004","article-title":"Cervical facet joint imaging-guided injections: a comparison of outcomes in patients referred based on imaging findings vs palpation for pain","volume":"39","author":"Le Clec'h","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.11.028","article-title":"Cervical facet joint dysfunction: a review","volume":"89","author":"Kirpalani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E268","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200106150-00016","article-title":"Radiofrequency medial branch neurotomy in litigant and nonlitigant patients with cervical whiplash: a prospective study","volume":"26","author":"Sapir","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200103000-00005","article-title":"Therapeutic zygapophyseal joint injections for headaches emanating from the C2-3 joint","volume":"80","author":"Slipman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2005.00047.x","article-title":"Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic neck pain: outcomes in a series of consecutive patients","volume":"6","author":"Barnsley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199404143301504","article-title":"Lack of effect of intraarticular corticosteroids for chronic pain in the cervical zygapophyseal joints","volume":"330","author":"Barnsley","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2004.00773.x","article-title":"Radiofrequency denervation of facet joints C2-C6 in cervicogenic headache: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study","volume":"24","author":"Stovner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.03.032","article-title":"Natural course of acute neck and low back pain in the general population: the HUNT study","volume":"154","author":"Vasseljen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B105","first-page":"23","article-title":"Management of acute neck pain in general practice: a prospective study","volume":"57","author":"Vos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182028b04","article-title":"Self-management of persistent neck pain: two-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of a multicomponent group intervention in primary health care","volume":"36","author":"Gustavsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318183391e","article-title":"The effectiveness of manual physical therapy and exercise for mechanical neck pain: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"Walker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B108","article-title":"Exercises for mechanical neck disorders","volume":"1","author":"Gross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20120412","article-title":"Effect of therapeutic exercise on pain and disability in the management of chronic nonspecific neck pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"93","author":"Bertozzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2010.11.005","article-title":"Exercise therapy for office workers with nonspecific neck pain: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Sihawong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.09.008","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of neck pain","volume":"90","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/20.1.46","article-title":"A double-blind study of benorylate and chlormezanone in musculoskeletal disease","volume":"20","author":"Berry","year":"1981","journal-title":"Rheumatol Rehabil"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(03)80067-X","article-title":"Efficacy of a low-dose regimen of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride in acute skeletal muscle spasm: results of two placebo-controlled trials","volume":"25","author":"Borenstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-156-1-201201030-00002","article-title":"Spinal manipulation, medication, or home exercise with advice for acute and subacute neck pain: a randomized trial","volume":"156","author":"Bronfort","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2009.05.016","article-title":"Efficacy and side effects of diclofenac patch in treatment of patients with myofascial pain syndrome of the upper trapezius","volume":"39","author":"Hsieh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413485658","article-title":"The International classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition (beta version)","volume":"33","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70209-1","article-title":"Cervicogenic headache: an assessment of the evidence on clinical diagnosis, invasive tests, and treatment","volume":"8","author":"Bogduk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2009.01550.x","article-title":"Lack of efficacy of manual therapy in children and adolescents with suspected cervicogenic headache: results of a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, and blinded trial","volume":"50","author":"Borusiak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2009.09.002","article-title":"Dose response and efficacy of spinal manipulation for chronic cervicogenic headache: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Haas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2007.2379","article-title":"Efficacy of a C1-C2 self-sustained natural apophyseal glide (SNAG) in the management of cervicogenic headache","volume":"37","author":"Hall","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200209010-00004","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of exercise and manipulative therapy for cervicogenic headache","volume":"27","author":"Jull","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B122","first-page":"435","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of the effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of cervicogenic headache","volume":"18","author":"Nilsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B123","first-page":"326","article-title":"The effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of cervicogenic headache","volume":"20","author":"Nilsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-011-0241-z","article-title":"The role of image guidance in improving the safety of pain treatment","volume":"16","author":"Rathmell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004096","article-title":"A contemporary medicolegal analysis of outpatient interventional pain procedures: 2009-2016","volume":"129","author":"Abrecht","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E143","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/E143","article-title":"Complications of fluoroscopically directed facet joint nerve blocks: a prospective evaluation of 7,500 episodes with 43,000 nerve blocks","volume":"15","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2005.07.002","article-title":"Transient tetraplegia after cervical facet joint injection for chronic neck pain administered without imaging guidance","volume":"108","author":"Heckmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200401000-00018","article-title":"Chronic pain management: American Society of Anesthesiologists closed claims project","volume":"100","author":"Fitzgibbon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31820fc7f2","article-title":"Injury and liability associated with cervical procedures for chronic pain","volume":"114","author":"Rathmell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198901000-00008","article-title":"Paravertebral somatic nerve block: a clinical, radiographic, and computed tomographic study in chronic pain patients","volume":"68","author":"Purcell-Jones","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181c43103","article-title":"Practice guidelines for chronic pain management: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Chronic Pain Management and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine","volume":"112","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B132","article-title":"Safety practices for interventional pain procedures. Intra-articular (zygapophysial) joint injections"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B133","first-page":"1031","article-title":"Detection of intravascular injection during lumbar medial branch blocks: a comparison of aspiration, live fluoroscopy, and digital subtraction technology","volume":"17","author":"Kennedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2015.28.2.105","article-title":"Detection rate of intravascular injections during cervical medial branch blocks: a comparison of digital subtraction angiography and static images from conventional fluoroscopy","volume":"28","author":"Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B135","article-title":"Medicare payments for facet joint injection services","volume-title":"Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General","author":"Levinson","year":"2008"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e31828b25bc","article-title":"A randomized comparison between ultrasound- and fluoroscopy-guided third occipital nerve block","volume":"38","author":"Finlayson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3182605e11","article-title":"Accuracy of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks of the cervical zygapophysial joints","volume":"117","author":"Siegenthaler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182286af5","article-title":"Ultrasound anatomy of the nerves supplying the cervical zygapophyseal joints: an exploratory study","volume":"36","author":"Siegenthaler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B139","article-title":"Facet joint interventions for pain management (L38801)"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B140","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of facet joint pain. Corporate Medical Policy"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B141","article-title":"Musculoskeletal facet joint injections\/medial branch blocks. CMM 201.4: non-indications"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B142","article-title":"Epidural steroid and facet joint injections for spinal pain. policy number: 2019T0004FF"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.11152\/mu.2013.2066.151.jo1ugc2","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided versus computed tomography-controlled facet joint injections in the middle and lower cervical spine: a prospective randomized clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Obernauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Ultrason"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200602000-00016","article-title":"Sonographic visualization and ultrasound-guided block of the third occipital nerve: prospective for a new method to diagnose C2-C3 zygapophysial joint pain","volume":"104","author":"Eichenberger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-016-2516-2","article-title":"Ultrasound versus fluoroscopy-guided cervical medial branch block for the treatment of chronic cervical facet joint pain: a retrospective comparative study","volume":"46","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B146","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided cervical medial branch blocks: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"03","author":"Paredes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Head Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000186","article-title":"A randomized comparison between ultrasound- and fluoroscopy-guided C7 medial branch block","volume":"40","author":"Finlayson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000613","article-title":"Spinal cord injury during ultrasound-guided C7 cervical medial branch block","volume":"96","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B149","first-page":"61","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of patients treated with cervical radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic neck pain","volume":"45","author":"McDonald","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.32.11.1885","article-title":"Sonographically guided cervical facet nerve and joint injections: why sonography?","volume":"32","author":"Narouze","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01275.x","article-title":"A shortened radiofrequency denervation method for cervical zygapophysial joint pain based on ultrasound localization of the nerves","volume":"12","author":"Siegenthaler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.05.009","article-title":"CT guided cervical medial branch block and radiofrequency ablation","volume":"78","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182374e24","article-title":"Cervical medial branch block: a novel technique using ultrasound guidance","volume":"37","author":"Finlayson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e31823f3c80","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided cervical spine injections: ultrasound \u201cprevents\u201d whereas contrast fluoroscopy \u201cdetects\u201d intravascular injections","volume":"37","author":"Narouze","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2012.36.5.627","article-title":"Feasibility of ultrasound guided atlanto-occipital joint injection","volume":"36","author":"Won","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1560-2_27","volume-title":"Comprehensive treatment of chronic pain by medical, interventional, and integrative approaches: the American Academy of Pain Medicine textbook on patient management","author":"Narouze","year":"2013","edition":"1st edn"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8951-1","volume-title":"Interventional management of head and face pain: nerve blocks and beyond","author":"Narouze","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx256","article-title":"A new atlanto-occipital (C0-C1) joint injection technique","volume":"19","author":"Centeno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B159","first-page":"344","article-title":"Atlanto-occipital joint pain. A report of three cases and description of an intraarticular joint block technique","volume":"19","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"1994","journal-title":"Reg Anesth"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00941238","article-title":"C1-2 arthrography","volume":"24","author":"Chevrot","year":"1995","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00341778","article-title":"Atlantoaxial arthrography. A postmortem study","volume":"20","author":"Mellstr\u00f6m","year":"1980","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000734","article-title":"Anatomical variations of the vertebral artery in the upper cervical spine: clinical relevance for procedures targeting the C1\/C2 and C2\/C3 joints","volume":"43","author":"Elgueta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S144255","article-title":"Outcomes of C1-2 joint injections","volume":"10","author":"Aiudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B164","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Practice guidelines for spinal diagnostic and treatment procedures","year":"2013","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12474","article-title":"Effectiveness of intra-articular steroid injection for atlanto-occipital joint pain","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181619388","article-title":"The lateral atlanto-axial joint as a source of headache in congenital atlanto-occipital fusion","volume":"87","author":"El Abd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01623.x","article-title":"Upper cervical facet joint and spinal rami blocks for the treatment of cervicogenic headache","volume":"50","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B168","article-title":"Atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial injections in the treatment of headache and neck pain","volume":"14","author":"Busch","year":"1989","journal-title":"Reg Anesth"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20060701-06","article-title":"Management of recalcitrant osteoarthritis of the atlanto-axial joint","volume":"29","author":"Kuklo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1991.hed3110682.x","article-title":"Ear pain due to cervical spine arthritis: treatment with cervical facet injection","volume":"31","author":"Lamer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002414","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of intra-articular pulsed radiofrequency compared to intra-articular corticosteroid injection for management of atlanto-occipital joint pain: a prospective randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"43","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B172","first-page":"54","article-title":"Intraarticular glucocorticosteroid injection into the lateral atlantoaxial joint under fluoroscopic control. A retrospective comparative study in patients with mechanical and inflammatory disorders","volume":"67","author":"Gl\u00e9marec","year":"2000","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E295","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.22.E295","article-title":"Efficacy of atlantoaxial joint glucocorticoid injection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial","volume":"22","author":"Hetta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.06.062","article-title":"Addition of corticosteroids to local anaesthetics for chronic non-cancer pain injections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"125","author":"Shanthanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1053\/j.trap.2007.05.011","article-title":"Complications of head and neck procedures","volume":"11","author":"Narouze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Techniques Reg Anesth Pain Manage"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz137","article-title":"Anatomic considerations for injection of the lateral atlanto-axial joint","volume":"20","author":"McNabney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.01182","article-title":"Perils of intravascular methylprednisolone injection into the vertebral artery: an animal study","volume":"90","author":"Okubadejo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181d7b15a","article-title":"Posterior circulation stroke after C1-C2 intraarticular facet steroid injection: evidence for diffuse microvascular injury","volume":"112","author":"Edlow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3182016655","article-title":"Complications of C1-C2 facet injection","volume":"114","author":"Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3182016667","article-title":"It is time to abandon atlanto-axial joint injections: do no harm!","volume":"114","author":"Datta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2003\/6\/369","article-title":"Role of digital subtraction fluoroscopic imaging in detecting intravascular injections","volume":"6","author":"Jasper","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12709","article-title":"Safe use of epidural corticosteroid injections: recommendations of the WIP Benelux Work Group","volume":"19","author":"Van Boxem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.3171\/SPI-07\/12\/664","article-title":"Iatrogenic pyogenic osteomyelitis of C-1 and C-2 treated with transoral decompression and delayed posterior occipitocervical arthrodesis. Case report","volume":"7","author":"Reid","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B184","article-title":"Safety practices for interventional pain procedures. Facet interventions: medical branch blocks"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.15746\/sms.18.037","article-title":"Postdural puncture headache after cervical medial branch block","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soonchunhyang Med Sci"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B186","first-page":"196","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging for cervical injections","volume":"21","author":"Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.10.003","article-title":"Cervical medial branch block volume dependent dispersion patterns as a predictor for ablation success: a cadaveric study","volume":"11","author":"Wahezi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199306000-00007","article-title":"False-positive rates of cervical zygapophysial joint blocks","volume":"9","author":"Barnsley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199509000-00008","article-title":"The utility of comparative local anesthetic blocks versus placebo-controlled blocks for the diagnosis of cervical zygapophysial joint pain","volume":"11","author":"Lord","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rapm.2005.05.007","article-title":"A prospective crossover comparison study of the single-needle and multiple-needle techniques for facet-joint medial branch block","volume":"30","author":"Stojanovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.3.SPINE10854","article-title":"Anatomical study of the third occipital nerve and its potential role in occipital headache\/neck pain following midline dissections of the craniocervical junction","volume":"15","author":"Tubbs","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw051","article-title":"Immediate adverse events in interventional pain procedures: a multi-institutional study","volume":"17","author":"Carr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2012.52.3.228","article-title":"Transient adverse neurologic effects of spinal pain blocks","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E174","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318166f03d","article-title":"The incidence of intravascular penetration in medial branch blocks: cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines","volume":"33","author":"Verrills","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199704150-00013","article-title":"Specificity of lumbar medial branch and L5 dorsal ramus blocks. A computed tomography study","volume":"22","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer502","article-title":"Ultrasound assessment of cranial spread during caudal blockade in children: effect of the speed of injection of local anaesthetics","volume":"108","author":"Triffterer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1981.tb01649.x","article-title":"Lumbar epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine in old patients: effect of speed and direction of injection","volume":"25","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12419","article-title":"Spread of fluid: role of tip configurations in needles","volume":"24","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2651504","article-title":"Effect of injectate viscosity on epidural distribution in lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection","volume":"2019","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198207000-00001","article-title":"The clinical anatomy of the cervical dorsal rami","volume":"7","author":"Bogduk","year":"1982","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015896","article-title":"Fluoroscopic evaluation of the influence of needle gauge on epidural spread in caudal block","volume":"98","author":"Sim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/00013414-199812000-00004","article-title":"Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy of the cervical medial branches: a validated treatment for cervical zygapophysial joint pain","volume":"8","author":"Lord","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosurg Quart"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000175","article-title":"Anatomical analysis of medial branches of dorsal rami of cervical nerves for radiofrequency thermocoagulation","volume":"39","author":"Kweon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.148.2.6867328","article-title":"Arthrography of the cervical facet joints","volume":"148","author":"Dory","year":"1983","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.140.1.6454162","article-title":"Arthrography of the lumbar facet joints","volume":"140","author":"Dory","year":"1981","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.14444\/6081","article-title":"Use of diagnostic injections to evaluate sacroiliac joint pain","volume":"14","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Spine Surg"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000287637.30163.a2","article-title":"The ability of diagnostic spinal injections to predict surgical outcomes","volume":"105","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12566","article-title":"Factors that affect radiofrequency heat lesion size","volume":"15","author":"Cosman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B209","article-title":"On the distribution of pain arising from deep somatic structures with charts of segmental pain areas","volume":"4","author":"Kellgren","year":"1939","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2017.11.011","article-title":"Lumbar medial branch block volume-dependent dispersion patterns as a predictor for ablation success: a cadaveric study","volume":"10","author":"Wahezi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817329f0","article-title":"Percutaneous lumbar zygapophysial (facet) joint neurotomy using radiofrequency current, in the management of chronic low back pain: a randomized double-blind trial","volume":"33","author":"Nath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318074c99c","article-title":"A comparison of conventional and pulsed radiofrequency denervation in the treatment of chronic facet joint pain","volume":"23","author":"Tekin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199909150-00013","article-title":"Randomized trial of radiofrequency lumbar facet denervation for chronic low back pain","volume":"24","author":"van Kleef","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002274","article-title":"Effectiveness of lumbar facet joint blocks and predictive value before radiofrequency denervation: the facet treatment study (FACTS), a randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"129","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpn.ijpn_66_19","article-title":"Comparison of cervical medial branch nerve block versus trigger point injection in patients with chronic neck pain","volume":"34","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.7.124","article-title":"Evaluation of lumbar facet joint nerve blocks in managing chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial with a 2-year follow-up","volume":"7","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817b8f88","article-title":"Cervical medial branch blocks for chronic cervical facet joint pain: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial with one-year follow-up","volume":"33","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2014(08)05","article-title":"Controlled medial branch anesthetic block in the diagnosis of chronic lumbar facet joint pain: the value of a three-month follow-up","volume":"69","author":"Rocha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2011.02.069","article-title":"Hoarseness following cervical facet denervation: a case report","volume":"12","author":"Sutton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1079","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2016.19.E1079","article-title":"Currently recommended TON injectate volumes concomitantly block the GON: clinical implications for managing cervicogenic headache","volume":"19","author":"Wahezi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000043","article-title":"A prospective validation of biplanar ultrasound imaging for C5-C6 cervical medial branch blocks","volume":"39","author":"Finlayson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000506","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided cervical medial branch radiofrequency neurotomy: can multitined deployment cannulae be the solution?","volume":"42","author":"Finlayson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-012-1404-8","article-title":"Effect of adding cervical facet joint injections in a multimodal treatment program for long-standing cervical myofascial pain syndrome with referral pain patterns of cervical facet joint syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-06974-8","article-title":"CT fluoroscopy-guided transforaminal and intra-articular facet steroid injections for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy: injectate distribution patterns and association with clinical outcome","volume":"30","author":"Bureau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9123919","article-title":"Fluoroscopic findings of extra-cervical facet joint flow and its incidence on cervical facet joint arthrograms","volume":"9","author":"Won","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X8000800303","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of local anaesthetics","volume":"8","author":"Cousins","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90189-V","article-title":"Comparative local anaesthetic blocks in the diagnosis of cervical zygapophysial joint pain","volume":"55","author":"Barnsley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(90)90026-A","article-title":"Prolonged relief of neuralgia after regional anesthetic blocks. A call for further experimental and systematic clinical studies","volume":"43","author":"Arn\u00e9r","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(75)90080-1","article-title":"Inhibition of axonal transport in nerves chronically treated with local anesthetics","volume":"47","author":"Bisby","year":"1975","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.00936.x","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of local anesthetics and their present and potential clinical implications","volume":"50","author":"Cassuto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2010\/13\/437","article-title":"Comparative outcomes of a 2-year follow-up of cervical medial branch blocks in management of chronic neck pain: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02426454","article-title":"Cervical analgesic facet joint arthrography","volume":"32","author":"Hove","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B233","first-page":"118","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of cervical facet joint infiltration","volume":"39","author":"Roy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Can Assoc Radiol J"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B234","first-page":"E661","article-title":"Fluoroscopically-guided cervical zygapophyseal therapeutic joint injections may reduce the need for radiofrequency","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000067095.75764.D3","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the nerves and muscles in the posterior cervical spine: a guide for avoiding inadvertent nerve injuries during the posterior approach","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198801000-00003","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of the extensor musculature of the cervical spine","volume":"13","author":"Nolan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B237","first-page":"509","article-title":"The density of muscle spindles in the medial, intermediate and lateral columns of human intrinsic postvertebral muscles","volume":"136","author":"Amonoo-Kuofi","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B238","article-title":"Quantitative study of muscle spindles in suboccipital muscles of human foetuses","volume":"49","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199403000-00001","article-title":"Mechanoreceptor endings in human cervical facet joints","volume":"19","author":"McLain","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838020-00002","article-title":"Head and neck position sense","volume":"38","author":"Armstrong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2009.00346.x","article-title":"Cervical facet pain","volume":"10","author":"van Eerd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-0275-9","article-title":"Morphological changes of cervical facet joints in elderly individuals","volume":"16","author":"Kettler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2012.09.037","article-title":"Progressive severe kyphosis as a complication of multilevel cervical percutaneous facet neurotomy: a case report","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e31825c36c0","article-title":"Dropped head syndrome after multilevel cervical radiofrequency ablation: a case report","volume":"26","author":"Stoker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2010.07.001","article-title":"Diagnostic blocks for chronic pain","volume":"1","author":"Curatolo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B246","article-title":"NCI dictionary of cancer terms"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199701000-00026","article-title":"Neural blockade for diagnosis and prognosis. A review","volume":"86","author":"Hogan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050560","article-title":"Placebo effect in the acute treatment of migraine: subcutaneous placebos are better than oral placebos","volume":"247","author":"de Craen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X91000156","article-title":"A comparative study of diazepam and acupuncture in patients with osteoarthritis pain: a placebo controlled study","volume":"19","author":"Thomas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.15.07062","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided cervical facet joint injections: a viable substitution for fluoroscopy-guided injections?","volume":"35","author":"Freire","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx234","article-title":"A commentary on appropriate use criteria for sacroiliac pain","volume":"18","author":"Bogduk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199809010-00008","article-title":"The ability of lumbar medial branch blocks to anesthetize the zygapophysial joint. A physiologic challenge","volume":"23","author":"Kaplan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000333","article-title":"Pain catastrophizing and anxiety are associated with heat pain perception in a community sample of adults with chronic pain","volume":"32","author":"Terry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200408000-00032","article-title":"The pharmacologic treatment of muscle pain","volume":"101","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw114","article-title":"Prevalence of myofascial pain syndrome in chronic non-specific neck pain: a population-based cross-sectional descriptive study","volume":"17","author":"Cerezo-T\u00e9llez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000238","article-title":"Evaluation of anxiety in procedure-naive patients during cervical and lumbar epidural steroid injection procedures","volume":"40","author":"Walega","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2008.00242.x","article-title":"Vasovagal reactions and other complications of cervical vs. lumbar translaminar epidural steroid injections","volume":"9","author":"Trentman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12632","article-title":"The use of moderate sedation for the secondary prevention of adverse vasovagal reactions","volume":"16","author":"Kennedy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B259","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association of depression\/anxiety symptoms with neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of literature in China","volume":"2018","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-382","article-title":"Back and neck pain are related to mental health problems in adolescence","volume":"11","author":"Rees","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2004\/7\/301","article-title":"A randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the effect of sedation on diagnostic validity of cervical facet joint pain","volume":"7","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2006\/9\/47","article-title":"The effect of sedation on diagnostic validity of facet joint nerve blocks: an evaluation to assess similarities in population with involvement in cervical and lumbar regions (ISRCTNo: 76376497)","volume":"9","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12389","article-title":"The effect of sedation on the accuracy and treatment outcomes for diagnostic injections: a randomized, controlled, crossover study","volume":"15","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2008.10.006","article-title":"Is immediate pain relief after a spinal injection procedure enhanced by intravenous sedation?","volume":"1","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"2009","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00756.x","article-title":"Assessment of celiac plexus block and neurolysis outcomes and technique in the management of refractory visceral cancer pain","volume":"11","author":"Erdek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-102017","article-title":"Clinical and technical factors associated with knee radiofrequency ablation outcomes: a multicenter analysis","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2005.09.005","article-title":"A survey: conscious sedation with epidural and zygapophyseal injections: is it necessary?","volume":"6","author":"Cucuzzella","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E748","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815b7e9f","article-title":"Is sedation indicated before spinal injections?","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B269","article-title":"Statement on anesthetic care during interventional pain procedures for adults","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000286","article-title":"The second ASRA Practice Advisory on neurologic complications associated with regional anesthesia and pain medicine: Executive summary 2015","volume":"40","author":"Neal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B271","article-title":"Conscious sedation"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31825f53bf","article-title":"Establishing an optimal \u201ccutoff\u201d threshold for diagnostic lumbar facet blocks: a prospective correlational study","volume":"29","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2010\/13\/133","article-title":"Making sense of the accuracy of diagnostic lumbar facet joint nerve blocks: an assessment of the implications of 50% relief, 80% relief, single block, or controlled diagnostic blocks","volume":"13","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01500.x","article-title":"Correlation of lumbar medial branch neurotomy results with diagnostic medial branch block cutoff values to optimize therapeutic outcome","volume":"13","author":"Derby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.198","article-title":"Facet joint pain-advances in patient selection and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.199","article-title":"Osteoarthritis of the spine: the facet joints","volume":"9","author":"Gellhorn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199801150-00004","article-title":"Mechanoreceptor endings in human thoracic and lumbar facet joints","volume":"23","author":"McLain","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90211-7","article-title":"On the nature of neck pain, discography and cervical zygapophysial joint blocks","volume":"54","author":"Bogduk","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E246","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000259927.85981.31","article-title":"Cervical electromyogram profile differences between patients of neck pain and control","volume":"32","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2157-9","article-title":"The prevalence of myofascial trigger points in neck and shoulder-related disorders: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.09.005","article-title":"Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations","volume":"9","author":"Dworkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000409","article-title":"Epidural steroid injections, conservative treatment, or combination treatment for cervical radicular pain: a multicenter, randomized, comparative-effectiveness study","volume":"121","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.7918","article-title":"Effect of radiofrequency denervation on pain intensity among patients with chronic low back pain: the mint randomized clinical trials","volume":"318","author":"Juch","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-020-00161-9","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of diclofenac\u2009+\u2009capsaicin gel in patients with acute back\/neck pain: a multicenter randomized controlled study","volume":"9","author":"Predel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2006.21.1.119","article-title":"Radiofrequency neurotomy of cervical medial branches for chronic cervicobrachialgia","volume":"21","author":"Shin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021542","article-title":"The placebo effect in pain therapies","volume":"59","author":"Colloca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199706053362303","article-title":"Epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica due to herniated nucleus pulposus","volume":"336","author":"Carette","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1313265","article-title":"A randomized trial of epidural glucocorticoid injections for spinal stenosis","volume":"371","author":"Friedly","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B289","article-title":"Current methods and challenges for acute pain clinical trials","volume":"4","author":"Gilron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001529","article-title":"Deconstructing biomarkers for chronic pain: context- and hypothesis-dependent biomarker types in relation to chronic pain","volume":"160 Suppl 1","author":"Reckziegel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000105","article-title":"Can changes in vital signs be used to predict the response to lumbar facet blocks and radiofrequency denervation? A prospective, correlational study","volume":"39","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.02.006","article-title":"Cervical facet-mediated pain","volume":"22","author":"Gellhorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S60925","article-title":"Incidence of neuropathic pain after radiofrequency denervation of the third occipital nerve","volume":"7","author":"Gazelka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000210941.04182.ea","article-title":"Clinical predictors of success and failure for lumbar facet radiofrequency denervation","volume":"23","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1533-2500.2002.02004.x","article-title":"Radiofrequency neurolysis for facet arthropathy: a retrospective case series and review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Royal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2012.06.007","article-title":"Success of initial and repeated medial branch neurotomy for zygapophysial joint pain: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Smuck","year":"2012","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100052227","article-title":"Percutaeous radiofrequency facet rhizotomy-experience with 118 procdedures and reappraisal of its value","volume":"27","author":"Tzaan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12043","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of cervical facet medial branch radiofrequency treatment with the single posterior-lateral approach: an exploratory study","volume":"14","author":"van Eerd","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2013\/16\/479","article-title":"Indications for repeat diagnostic medial branch nerve blocks following a failed first medial branch nerve block","volume":"16","author":"Derby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000229","article-title":"Medial branch blocks or intra-articular injections as a prognostic tool before lumbar facet radiofrequency denervation: a multicenter, case-control study","volume":"40","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181b8cd4d","article-title":"MRI analysis of the lumbar spine: can it predict response to diagnostic and therapeutic facet procedures?","volume":"26","author":"Stojanovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181e33ae5","article-title":"Multicenter, randomized, comparative cost-effectiveness study comparing 0, 1, and 2 diagnostic medial branch (facet joint nerve) block treatment paradigms before lumbar facet radiofrequency denervation","volume":"113","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12000","article-title":"Lumbar medial branch radiofrequency neurotomy in New Zealand","volume":"14","author":"MacVicar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx286","article-title":"A prospective randomized trial of prognostic genicular nerve blocks to determine the predictive value for the outcome of cooled radiofrequency ablation for chronic knee pain due to osteoarthritis","volume":"19","author":"McCormick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B305","first-page":"297","article-title":"Radiofrequency cervical zygapophyseal joint neurotomy for cervicogenic headache: a prospective study of 15 patients","volume":"13","author":"van Suijlekom","year":"1998","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12295","article-title":"Response of cervicogenic headaches and occipital neuralgia to radiofrequency ablation of the C2 dorsal root ganglion and\/or third occipital nerve","volume":"54","author":"Hamer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.1.88","article-title":"Radiofrequency neurotomy for the treatment of third occipital headache","volume":"74","author":"Govind","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B308","article-title":"Federal pain research strategy"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B309","article-title":"Comparative long-term outcomes of lateral versus posterior approach to cervical facet medial branch radiofrequency ablation. (American Academy of Pain Medicine 2013 Meeting abstract #179)","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198704000-00004","article-title":"Technical limitations to the efficacy of radiofrequency neurotomy for spinal pain","volume":"20","author":"Bogduk","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12499","article-title":"A modified posterolateral approach for radiofrequency denervation of the medial branch of the cervical segmental nerve in cervical facet joint pain based on anatomical considerations","volume":"17","author":"van Eerd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199504000-00014","article-title":"Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy in the treatment of cervical zygapophysial joint pain: a caution","volume":"36","author":"Lord","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00942.x","article-title":"Radiofrequency neurotomy for the treatment of therapy-resistant neck pain after ventral cervical operations","volume":"11","author":"Klessinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2003.07.002","article-title":"Human lumbar facet joint capsule strains: II. Alteration of strains subsequent to anterior interbody fixation","volume":"4","author":"Little","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1224159","article-title":"Radiofrequency neurotomy for headache stemming from the zygapophysial joints C2\/3 and C3\/4","volume":"71","author":"Lang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cent Eur Neurosurg"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E477","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2018.5.E477","article-title":"A retrospective review of spinal radiofrequency neurotomy procedures in patients with metallic posterior spinal instrumentation - is it safe?","volume":"21","author":"Ellwood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1603","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318274fc5e","article-title":"Localization of the medial branches of the cervical dorsal rami during cervical laminoplasty","volume":"37","author":"Seichi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199809150-00009","article-title":"The anatomic location of the dorsal ramus of the cervical nerve and its relation to the superior articular process of the lateral mass","volume":"23","author":"Ebraheim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(89)90173-5","article-title":"Distribution of pain provoked from lumbar facet joints and related structures during diagnostic spinal infiltration","volume":"39","author":"Marks","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181fca16b","article-title":"Current-distance relationships for peripheral nerve stimulation localization","volume":"112","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200702000-00021","article-title":"A computer model of electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves in regional anesthesia","volume":"106","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182576647","article-title":"Peripheral nerve stimulation in regional anesthesia","volume":"37","author":"Klein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31822dd379","article-title":"Does sensory stimulation threshold affect lumbar facet radiofrequency denervation outcomes? A prospective clinical correlational study","volume":"113","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1968.28.2.0105","article-title":"The human cervical myotomes: functional anatomy studied at operation","volume":"28","author":"Brendler","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200005150-00012","article-title":"Efficacy and validity of radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain","volume":"25","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2017.30.4.296","article-title":"Relationship between paravertebral muscle twitching and long-term effects of radiofrequency medial branch neurotomy","volume":"30","author":"Koh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.05.014","article-title":"The significance of multifidus atrophy after successful radiofrequency neurotomy for low back pain","volume":"1","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"2009","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B328","volume-title":"Principles and practice of pain medicine","author":"Paterno","year":"2016","edition":"3rd edn"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1979.51.2.0172","article-title":"The anatomy of the so-called \u201carticular nerves\u201d and their relationship to facet denervation in the treatment of low-back pain","volume":"51","author":"Bogduk","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.07.006","article-title":"Irreversible spinal nerve injury from dorsal ramus radiofrequency neurotomy: a case report","volume":"88","author":"Abbott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.82.6.1011","article-title":"Quadrant anatomy of the articular pillars (lateral cervical mass) of the cervical spine","volume":"82","author":"Pait","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14444\/3043","article-title":"Quantitative gross and CT measurements of cadaveric cervical vertebrae (C3-C6) as guidelines for the lateral mass screw fixation","volume":"10","author":"Sangari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Spine Surg"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199511000-00001","article-title":"The location of the cervical nerve roots on the posterior aspect of the cervical spine","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B334","first-page":"69","article-title":"Electrophysiologic principles of radiofrequency lesion making","volume":"39","author":"Organ","year":"1976","journal-title":"Appl Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E175","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2014\/17\/E175","article-title":"The science of conventional and water-cooled monopolar lumbar radiofrequency rhizotomy: an electrical engineering point of view","volume":"17","author":"Ball","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000114","article-title":"Think before you inject: understanding electrophysiological radiofrequency principles and the importance of the local tissue environment","volume":"39","author":"Provenzano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B337","first-page":"776","article-title":"Hypertonic sodium chloride preinjectate increases in vivo radiofrequency ablation size: histological and magnetic resonance imaging findings","volume":"43","author":"Provenzano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e31827d18f3","article-title":"Increasing the NaCl concentration of the preinjected solution enhances monopolar radiofrequency lesion size","volume":"38","author":"Provenzano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000207","article-title":"The interaction between the composition of preinjected fluids and duration of radiofrequency on lesion size","volume":"40","author":"Provenzano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E425","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2020\/23\/E425","article-title":"Comparisons of monopolar lesion volumes with hypertonic saline solution in radiofrequency ablation: a randomized, double-blind, ex vivo study","volume":"23","author":"Provenzano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000221","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation near the bone-muscle interface alters soft tissue lesion dimensions","volume":"40","author":"Eckmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.11.011","article-title":"The effect of radiofrequency ablation on different organs: ex vivo and in vivo comparative studies","volume":"80","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182493bd8","article-title":"The effects of fluid injection on lesion size during bipolar radiofrequency treatment","volume":"37","author":"Provenzano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181e82d44","article-title":"The effect of fluid injection on lesion size during radiofrequency treatment","volume":"35","author":"Provenzano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-101361","article-title":"Physiological and functional responses of water-cooled versus traditional radiofrequency ablation of peripheral nerves in rats","volume":"45","author":"Zachariah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1981.55.2.0246","article-title":"Radiofrequency neurolysis in a clinical model","volume":"55","author":"Smith","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000161005.31398.58","article-title":"The histologic effects of pulsed and continuous radiofrequency lesions at 42 degrees C to rat dorsal root ganglion and sciatic nerve","volume":"30","author":"Podhajsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2016.29.1.3","article-title":"Neural ablation and regeneration in pain practice","volume":"29","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000090","article-title":"An ex vivo comparison of cooled-radiofrequency and bipolar-radiofrequency lesion size and the effect of injected fluids","volume":"39","author":"Vallejo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2008.00437.x","article-title":"Complications of spinal diagnostic and treatment procedures","volume":"9","author":"Bogduk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31817f4c7c","article-title":"Randomized placebo-controlled study evaluating lateral branch radiofrequency denervation for sacroiliac joint pain","volume":"109","author":"Cohen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12678","article-title":"Safety of lumbar spine radiofrequency procedures in the presence of posterior pedicle screws: technical report of a cadaver study","volume":"16","author":"Gazelka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2016.1105092","article-title":"Cervical zygapophysial (facet) joint pain: effectiveness of interventional management strategies","volume":"128","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4026","article-title":"Transforaminal versus intra-articular facet corticosteroid injections for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study","volume":"35","author":"Bureau","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000614","article-title":"Safeguards to prevent neurologic complications after epidural steroid injections: consensus opinions from a multidisciplinary working group and national organizations","volume":"122","author":"Rathmell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000855","article-title":"Trends in pain medicine liability","volume":"123","author":"Pollak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B357","first-page":"475","article-title":"Radiofrequency denervation with or without addition of pentoxifylline or methylprednisolone for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain","volume":"57","author":"Dobrogowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.22.69","article-title":"The impact of local steroid administration on the incidence of neuritis following lumbar facet radiofrequency neurotomy","volume":"22","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa009","article-title":"Antiplatelet and anticoagulant risk for select spine interventions: a retrospective cohort","volume":"21","author":"Ehsanian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E955","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/E955","article-title":"Assessment of practice patterns of perioperative management of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in interventional pain management","volume":"15","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B361","first-page":"225","article-title":"Interventional spine and pain procedures in patients on antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications (second edition): guidelines from the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy, the American Academy of Pain Medicine, the International Neuromodulation Society, the North American Neuromodulation Society, and the World Institute of Pain","volume":"43","author":"Narouze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318162c358","article-title":"Intravascular injection in lumbar medial branch block: a prospective evaluation of 1433 injections","volume":"106","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000363","article-title":"Real-tme detection of periforaminal vessels in the cervical spine: an ultrasound survey","volume":"41","author":"Finlayson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B364","first-page":"403","article-title":"The risks of continuing or discontinuing anticoagulants for patients undergoing common interventional pain procedures","volume":"18","author":"Endres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B365","first-page":"1885","article-title":"The risks of continuing or discontinuing anticoagulants in diverse interventional pain procedures","volume":"19","author":"Bernstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23336","article-title":"Thromboembolic and bleeding risk of periprocedural bridging anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Kuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B367","article-title":"Anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents for cervical medial branch radiofrequency neurotomy","author":"Saffarian","year":"2021"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.83","article-title":"Epidemiology of venous thromboembolism","volume":"12","author":"Heit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B369","first-page":"658","article-title":"The effectiveness and risks of fluoroscopically-guided cervical medial branch thermal radiofrequency neurotomy: a systematic review with comprehensive analysis of the published data","volume":"17","author":"Engel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt.14.53","article-title":"Epidural steroid injections: an updated review on recent trends in safety and complications","volume":"5","author":"Bicket","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Manag"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B371","first-page":"501","article-title":"The role of gabapentin in the prevention of postoperative neuritis following radiofrequency ablation of cervical and lumbar medial branch nerves","volume":"3","author":"Welsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind J Basic App Med Res"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00978.x","article-title":"Efficacy of diclofenac sodium in pain relief after conventional radiofrequency denervation for chronic facet joint pain: a double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjan.2014.04.004","article-title":"Spinal injection of local anesthetic during cervical facet joint injection","volume":"66","author":"Ramos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2005.04.006","article-title":"Radiographic changes induced after cervical facet radiofrequency denervation","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000311085.73519.B4","article-title":"Reversible neurological symptoms caused by diathermy in a patient with deep brain stimulators: case report","volume":"62","author":"Roark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E505","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.19.E505","article-title":"Bipolar radiofrequency neurotomy to treat neck and back pain in patients with automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator","volume":"19","author":"Bautista","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00686.x","article-title":"Radiofrequency neurotomy for a patient with deep brain stimulators: proposed safety guidelines","volume":"10","author":"Osborne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181fbe7f6","article-title":"Practice advisory for the perioperative management of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices","volume":"114","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1995.tb04746.x","article-title":"Pacemaker function during radiofrequency ablation","volume":"18","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B380","article-title":"Long-term effects of radiofrequency catheter ablation on previously implanted pacemakers","volume":"16","author":"Moore","year":"1993","journal-title":"PACE"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B381","article-title":"Radiofrequency neurotomy for facet joint pain in patients with permanent pacemakers and defibrillators","author":"Smith","year":"2018"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny213","article-title":"Radiofrequency neurotomy for facet joint pain in patients with permanent pacemakers and defibrillators","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B383","first-page":"523","article-title":"Percutaneous radiofrequency rhizotomy of the lumbar facets","volume":"53","author":"Katz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx204","article-title":"Third-degree skin burn from conventional radiofrequency ablation of the inferiomedial genicular nerve","volume":"19","author":"McCormick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(77)90006-9","article-title":"Facet \u201cdenervation\u201d in the treatment of low back syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Ogsbury","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12143","article-title":"Second-degree skin burn from a radiofrequency grounding pad: a case report and review of risk-mitigation strategies","volume":"11","author":"Burnham","year":"2019","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnv078","article-title":"Safety of lumbar spine radiofrequency procedures in patients who have posterior spinal hardware","volume":"17","author":"Lamer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B388","article-title":"Unique aspects of clinical trials of invasive therapies for chronic pain","volume":"4","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B389","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e318158971f","article-title":"Effectiveness of repeated radiofrequency neurotomy for cervical facet joint pain","volume":"21","author":"Husted","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00003-1","article-title":"Biomechanics of the cervical spine. Part 3: Minor injuries","volume":"16","author":"Bogduk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B391","article-title":"Defending claims involving future radiofrequency neurotomy treatments. For the defense 2018; October: 64-69","author":"Crawford"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B392","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.01022.x","article-title":"Outcomes of percutaneous zygapophysial and sacroiliac joint neurotomy in a community setting","volume":"12","author":"Speldewinde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00923.x","article-title":"The effect of repeated zygapophysial joint radiofrequency neurotomy on pain, disability, and improvement duration","volume":"11","author":"Rambaransingh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2012.00557.x","article-title":"The effectiveness of repeat celiac plexus neurolysis for pancreatic cancer: a pilot study","volume":"13","author":"McGreevy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181958f4b","article-title":"Outcome predictors for sacroiliac joint (lateral branch) radiofrequency denervation","volume":"34","author":"Cohen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4081\/bam.2015.2.77","article-title":"Persistent muscle fiber regeneration in long term denervation. past, present, future","volume":"25","author":"Carraro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Transl Myol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4081\/bam.2014.1.5","article-title":"The biology of long-term denervated skeletal muscle","volume":"24","author":"Carlson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Transl Myol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0934","article-title":"Epidural corticosteroid injections for radiculopathy and spinal stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"163","author":"Chou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B399","first-page":"79","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of nonspecific neck pain and whiplash","volume":"43","author":"Binder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eura Medicophys"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000132307.06321.3C","article-title":"Predicting persistent neck pain: a 1-year follow-up of a population cohort","volume":"29","author":"Hill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-10-13","article-title":"Depression and anxiety as major determinants of neck pain: a cross-sectional study in general practice","volume":"10","author":"Blozik","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2003.08.001","article-title":"Core outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations","volume":"106","author":"Turk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.02.005","article-title":"Convulsion caused by a lidocaine test in cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection","volume":"3","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.169.10.781","article-title":"The causes of false-positive medial branch (facet joint) blocks in soldiers and retirees","volume":"169","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-206","article-title":"Adverse effects of extra-articular corticosteroid injections: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Brinks","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e31828ea086","article-title":"Epidural steroids","volume":"38","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B407","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S153","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31816445ea","article-title":"Treatment of neck pain","volume":"33","author":"Carragee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B408","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1464","article-title":"CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain-United States, 2016","volume":"315","author":"Dowell","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B409","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-22","article-title":"Recommendations by Cochrane Review Groups for assessment of the risk of bias in studies","volume":"8","author":"Lundh","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000337","article-title":"The development and validation of a quality assessment and rating of technique for injections of the spine (AQUARIUS)","volume":"41","author":"Bicket","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B411","first-page":"394","article-title":"Efficacy of radiofrequency procedures for the treatment of spinal pain: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials","volume":"26","author":"Geurts","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B412","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.5455\/aim.2008.16.219-225","article-title":"Evidence based medicine - new approaches and challenges","volume":"16","author":"Masic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Inform Med"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B413","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1988.tb99431.x","article-title":"The accuracy of manual diagnosis for cervical zygapophysial joint pain syndromes","volume":"148","author":"Jull","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B414","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.02.016","article-title":"Use of single-photon emission computed tomography imaging for hypermetabolic facet identification in diagnosis of cervical and axial back pain","volume":"137","author":"Perez-Roman","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B415","first-page":"333","article-title":"Therapeutic cervical medial branch blocks in managing chronic neck pain: a preliminary report of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial: clinical trial NCT0033272","volume":"9","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e3180577812","article-title":"Facet joint pain in chronic spinal pain: an evaluation of prevalence and false-positive rate of diagnostic blocks","volume":"20","author":"Manchukonda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B417","first-page":"285","article-title":"Response to cervical medial branch blocks in patients with cervicogenic vertigo","volume":"21","author":"Hahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B418","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2002\/5\/365","article-title":"Is there correlation of facet joint pain in lumbar and cervical spine? An evaluation of prevalence in combined chronic low back and neck pain","volume":"5","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-5-15","article-title":"Prevalence of facet joint pain in chronic spinal pain of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions","volume":"5","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2021120507164020600_pnab281-B420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2007.00369.x","article-title":"The nature of neck pain in a private pain clinic in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Yin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Med"}],"container-title":["Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/pm\/pnab281\/41134799\/pnab281.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article-pdf\/22\/11\/2443\/41470765\/pnab281.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article-pdf\/22\/11\/2443\/41470765\/pnab281.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]],"date-time":"2021-12-05T07:21:44Z","timestamp":1638688904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article\/22\/11\/2443\/6425804"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"references-count":420,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnab281","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-2375","1526-4637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-2375","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4637","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}}}