{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:30:15Z","timestamp":1792654215113,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\u201cDoctor shopping\u201d typically refers to patients that seek controlled substance prescriptions from multiple providers with the presumed intent to obtain these medications for non-medical use and\/or diversion. The purpose of this scoping review is to document and examine the criteria used to identify \u201cdoctor shopping\u201d from dispensing data in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A scoping review was conducted on \u201cdoctor shopping\u201d or analogous terminology from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2020, using the Web of Science Core Collection (seven citation indexes). Our search was limited to the United States only, English-language, peer-reviewed and US federal government studies. Studies without explicit \u201cdoctor shopping\u201d criteria were excluded. Key components of these criteria included the number of prescribers and dispensers, dispensing period, and drug class (e.g., opioids).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 9,845 records identified, 95 articles met the inclusion criteria and our pool of studies ranged from years 2003 to 2020. The most common threshold-based or count definition was (\u22654 Prescribers [P] AND \u22654 Dispensers [D]) (n\u2009=\u200912). Thirty-three studies used a 365-day detection window. Opioids alone were studied most commonly (n\u2009=\u200969), followed by benzodiazepines and stimulants (n\u2009=\u20095 and n\u2009=\u20092, respectively). Only 39 (41%) studies provided specific drug lists with active ingredients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Relatively simple P x D criteria for identifying \u201cdoctor shopping\u201d are still the dominant paradigm with the need for ongoing validation. The value of P x D criteria may change through time with more diverse methods applied to dispensing data emerging.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T20:14:21Z","timestamp":1639599261000},"page":"1323-1332","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Defining \u201cDoctor Shopping\u201d with Dispensing Data: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7214-0326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Delcher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy (IPOP), Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungjun","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy (IPOP), Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Doung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute , New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"Henry W","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6408","key":"2022070118370761600_pnab344-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau1184","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau1184","article-title":"Changing dynamics of the drug overdose epidemic in the United States from 1979 through 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