{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T18:40:27Z","timestamp":1779216027415,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Back Pain Consortium"},{"name":"Helping to End Addiction Long-term Initiative","award":["U19AR076737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AR076737"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic low back pain (cLBP) is a complex with a heterogenous clinical presentation. A better understanding of the factors that contribute to cLBP is needed for accurate diagnosis, optimal treatment, and identification of mechanistic targets for new therapies. The Back Pain Consortium (BACPAC) Research Program provides a unique opportunity in this regard, as it will generate large clinical datasets, including a diverse set of harmonized measurements. The Theoretical Model Working Group was established to guide BACPAC research and to organize new knowledge within a mechanistic framework. This article summarizes the initial work of the Theoretical Model Working Group. It includes a three-stage integration of expert opinion and an umbrella literature review of factors that affect cLBP severity and chronicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>During Stage 1, experts from across BACPAC established a taxonomy for risk and prognostic factors (RPFs) and preliminary graphical depictions. During Stage 2, a separate team conducted a literature review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to establish working definitions, associated data elements, and overall strength of evidence for identified RPFs. These were subsequently integrated with expert opinion during Stage 3.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority (\u223c80%) of RPFs had little strength-of-evidence confidence, whereas seven factors had substantial confidence for either a positive association with cLBP (pain-related anxiety, serum C-reactive protein, diabetes, and anticipatory\/compensatory postural adjustments) or no association with cLBP (serum interleukin 1-beta\u00a0\/ interleukin 6, transversus muscle morphology\/activity, and quantitative sensory testing).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This theoretical perspective will evolve over time as BACPAC investigators link empirical results to theory, challenge current ideas of the biopsychosocial model, and use a systems approach to develop tools and algorithms that disentangle the dynamic interactions among cLBP factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnac196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T23:08:34Z","timestamp":1671664114000},"page":"S13-S35","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Theoretical Schemas to Guide Back Pain Consortium (BACPAC) Chronic Low Back Pain Clinical Research"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Anthony","family":"Chau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharis","family":"Steib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evans","family":"Whitaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0414-0791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Kohns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Quinter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Chiodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SriKrishan","family":"Chandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Laidlaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Schott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Farlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Yarjanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Omwanghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Wasserman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conor","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Clauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3124-7551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Bowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Marras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolf","family":"Mehling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C Anthony","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9654-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Lotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B1","first-page":"737","article-title":"Recent work on pain","volume":"78","author":"Corns","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal Rev"},{"issue":"10070","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30970-9","article-title":"Non-specific low back pain","volume":"389","author":"Maher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10137","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30480-X","article-title":"What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention","volume":"391","author":"Hartvigsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 9","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.01.001","article-title":"The role of psychosocial processes in the development and maintenance of chronic pain","volume":"17","author":"Edwards","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.245","article-title":"The biopsychosocial model 25 years later: Principles, practice, and scientific inquiry","volume":"2","author":"Borrell-Carrio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/20476965.2022.2029584","article-title":"The biopsychosociotechnical model: A systems-based framework for human-centered health improvement","author":"Card","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Syst"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2020.1765440","article-title":"Is the biopsychosocial model in musculoskeletal physiotherapy adequate? An evolutionary concept analysis","volume":"38","author":"Daluiso-King","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2022.2080130","article-title":"The biopsychosocial model is lost in translation: From misrepresentation to an enactive modernization","author":"Cormack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e934475","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.934475","article-title":"Editorial: Review articles, systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and the updated Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines","volume":"27","author":"Parums","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-022-01592-y","article-title":"Adopting AMSTAR 2 critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews: Speed of the tool uptake and barriers for its adoption","volume":"22","author":"Bojcic","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"7650","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2012.06.013","article-title":"Pain processing in the human nervous system: A selective review of nociceptive and biobehavioral pathways","volume":"39","author":"Garland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prim Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.04.009","article-title":"Pain-related fear, pain intensity and function in individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Martinez-Calderon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-3154-3","article-title":"A systematic review of the role of inflammatory biomarkers in acute, subacute and chronic non-specific low back pain","volume":"21","author":"Morris","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0212030","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212030","article-title":"Is there an association between diabetes and neck and back pain? A systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"14","author":"Pozzobon","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.06.008","article-title":"Anticipatory and compensatory postural adjustments in people with low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Knox","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.10.008","article-title":"Do changes in transversus abdominis and lumbar multifidus during conservative treatment explain changes in clinical outcomes related to nonspecific low back pain? A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S115659","article-title":"Prognostic value of quantitative sensory testing in low back pain: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Marcuzzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2013.09.010","article-title":"Psychological factors and treatment opportunities in low back pain","volume":"27","author":"Pincus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13680","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13680","article-title":"Are patient expectations associated with treatment outcomes in individuals with chronic low back pain? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"74","author":"Mohamed Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa430","article-title":"Low back pain\u2013related disability is associated with pain-related beliefs across divergent non\u2013English-speaking populations: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Alamam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-008-0707-8","article-title":"Identification of prognostic factors for chronicity in patients with low back pain: A review of screening instruments","volume":"33","author":"Melloh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny178","article-title":"Screening tools to predict the development of chronic low back pain: An integrative review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Pauli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22273","article-title":"Fear avoidance and prognosis in back pain: A systematic review and synthesis of current evidence","volume":"54","author":"Pincus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-011-9306-4","article-title":"Factors associated with functional capacity test results in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"van Abbema","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.02.033","article-title":"Fear-avoidance beliefs\u2014a moderator of treatment efficacy in patients with low back pain: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Wertli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.09.036","article-title":"The role of fear avoidance beliefs as a prognostic factor for outcome in patients with nonspecific low back pain: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Wertli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-1192-4","article-title":"The association between depressive symptoms or depression and health outcomes in adults with low back pain with or without radiculopathy: Protocol of a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B29","first-page":"343","volume-title":"Coping with Pain. Psychosocial Factors in Pain: Critical Perspectives","author":"Boothby","year":"1999"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.03.003","article-title":"Catastrophizing\u2014a prognostic factor for outcome in patients with low back pain: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Wertli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-003-0621-0","article-title":"Biomechanics of the aging spine","volume":"12(Suppl 2)","author":"Ferguson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(03)00044-0","article-title":"Clinical spinal instability and low back pain","volume":"13","author":"Panjabi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1136\/aim.22.4.178","article-title":"Biomechanics of back pain","volume":"22","author":"Adams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acupunct Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.11.034","article-title":"Relationship between physical activity and disability in low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"152","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1395","article-title":"Physical activity as a prognostic factor of pain intensity and disability in patients with low back pain: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2018.10.004","article-title":"Pain and pain-related disability associated with proprioceptive impairment in chronic low back pain patients: A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Ghamkhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E606","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002917","article-title":"Relationship between proprioception and pain and disability in people with non-specific low back pain: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E97","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000677","article-title":"Measuring lumbar reposition accuracy in patients with unspecific low back pain: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Rausch Osthoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-2045-6","article-title":"Is a positive clinical outcome after exercise therapy for chronic non-specific low back pain contingent upon a corresponding improvement in the targeted aspect(s) of performance? A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Steiger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/2374373519862934","article-title":"Social relationship quality among patients with chronic pain: A population-based sample","volume":"7","author":"Philpot","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Patient Exp"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.10.004","article-title":"Social context and acceptance of chronic pain: The role of solicitous and punishing responses","volume":"113","author":"McCracken","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2017.7.611","article-title":"Mapping the association between vitamin D and low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"20","author":"Zadro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"17","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10173836","article-title":"The association between sleep and chronic spinal pain: A systematic review from the last decade","volume":"10","author":"Van Looveren","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2020.1798238","article-title":"The effects of shoes and insoles for low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"28","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Sports Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101205","article-title":"Exercise treatment effect modifiers in persistent low back pain: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 3514 participants from 27 randomised controlled trials","volume":"54","author":"Hayden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B46","first-page":"711","article-title":"Chronic pain types differ in their reported prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and there is consistent evidence that chronic pain is associated with PTSD: An evidence-based structured systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Fishbain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnac091","article-title":"Systemic cytokine level differences in patients with chronic musculoskeletal spinal pain compared to healthy controls and its association with pain severity: A systematic review","author":"Canli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000258","article-title":"Physical activity to reduce systemic inflammation associated with chronic pain and obesity: A narrative review","volume":"32","author":"Paley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463717723222","article-title":"Chronic postsurgical pain: Is there a possible genetic link?","volume":"11","author":"James","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Pain"},{"key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S143869","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic epidemiology of chronic widespread pain","volume":"10","author":"Kerr","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01488.x","article-title":"Epigenetics and the transition from acute to chronic pain","volume":"13","author":"Buchheit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.02.001","article-title":"The relationship between obesity, low back pain, and lumbar disc degeneration when genetics and the environment are considered: A systematic review of twin studies","volume":"15","author":"Dario","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04189-5","article-title":"Correlation between gene expression and MRI STIR signals in patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes indicates immune involvement","volume":"12","author":"Vigeland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8B","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2009.00703.x","article-title":"Current evidence for a modulation of low back pain by human genetic variants","volume":"13","author":"Tegeder","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1356-5","article-title":"Genes associated with persistent lumbar radicular pain: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Bjorland","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2018-105726","article-title":"Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies genetic locus on chromosome 9 associated with Modic changes","volume":"56","author":"Freidin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0163877","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163877","article-title":"Genome-wide meta-analysis of sciatica in Finnish population","volume":"11","author":"Lemmela","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007601","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007601","article-title":"Genome-wide meta-analysis of 158,000 individuals of European ancestry identifies three loci associated with chronic back pain","volume":"14","author":"Suri","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S306280","article-title":"Peripheral and central pathological mechanisms of chronic low back pain: A narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2015.05.002","article-title":"Structural and functional brain abnormalities in chronic low back pain: A systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Kregel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000534","article-title":"The relationship between structural and functional brain changes and altered emotion and cognition in chronic low back pain brain changes: A systematic review of MRI and fMRI studies","volume":"34","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.06.010","article-title":"Are functional brain alterations present in low back pain? A systematic review of EEG studies","volume":"21","author":"Schouppe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000489","article-title":"Gray matter abnormalities associated with chronic back pain: A Meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometric studies","volume":"33","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.05.031","article-title":"Relationship between quantitative sensory testing and pain or disability in people with spinal pain-a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"154","author":"Hubscher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2012.00170.x","article-title":"Clinical course of non-specific low back pain: A systematic review of prospective cohort studies set in primary care","volume":"17","author":"Itz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12229","article-title":"What is the evidence that neuropathic pain is present in chronic low back pain and soft tissue syndromes? An evidence-based structured review","volume":"15","author":"Fishbain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E587","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000832","article-title":"Can bacterial infection by low virulent organisms be a plausible cause for symptomatic disc degeneration? A systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Ganko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181cd9adb","article-title":"Potential of magnetic resonance imaging findings to refine case definition for mechanical low back pain in epidemiological studies: A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Endean","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0200677","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200677","article-title":"Modic changes: Their associations with low back pain and activity limitation: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Herlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2020.12.004","article-title":"Management of facet joints osteoarthritis associated with chronic low back pain: A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Baroncini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S314971","article-title":"Does motor control exercise restore normal morphology of lumbar multifidus muscle in people with low back pain? A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Pinto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12212","article-title":"Factors associated with the ultrasound characteristics of the lumbar multifidus: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Rummens","year":"2020","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-007-0433-8","article-title":"Value of predictive instruments to determine persisting restriction of function in patients with subacute non-specific low back pain. Systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Hilfiker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"15","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E494","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817ba3bb","article-title":"A systematic review of the predictive ability of the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire","volume":"33","author":"Hockings","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2018.03.002","article-title":"Secondary prevention of chronic musculoskeletal pain: A systematic review of clinical trials","volume":"61","author":"Meyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00032","article-title":"Pain: Biopsychosocial mechanisms and management","volume":"8","author":"Keefe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7835","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-021-03142-3","article-title":"Pain and the field of affordances: An enactive approach to acute and chronic pain","volume":"199","author":"Coninx","year":"2021","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.3390\/app12073341","article-title":"AI and clinical decision making: the limitations and risks of computational reductionism in bowel cancer screening","volume":"12","author":"Ameen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023080422542306000_pnac196-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2017.2677744","article-title":"The emergence and collapse of knowledge boundaries","volume":"64","author":"Broniatowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Eng Manag"}],"container-title":["Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/pm\/pnac196\/48362104\/pnac196.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article-pdf\/24\/Supplement_1\/S13\/51040843\/pnac196.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article-pdf\/24\/Supplement_1\/S13\/51040843\/pnac196.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]],"date-time":"2023-12-03T11:22:54Z","timestamp":1701602574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article\/24\/Supplement_1\/S13\/6958559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnac196","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-2375","1526-4637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-2375","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4637","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]}}}