{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T20:25:58Z","timestamp":1785356758969,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine"},{"name":"University Health Network\u2014Toronto Western Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is performed to relieve head, face, neck, or upper limb pain, and several non-pain indications for performing this block have emerged over the years. To date, there has been no attempt to synthesize evidence on SGB for treating non-pain indications. This scoping review presents a summary of the efficacy and adverse effects of SGB when performed for 6 non-pain indications.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This scoping review was accomplished through the use of Arksey and O\u2019Malley framework. A literature search was conducted for relevant articles in medical databases to identify publications on SGB and specified study types. Two reviewers independently assessed the risk of bias for randomized controlled trials, nonrandomized comparative studies, and case series. Results were summarized and recommendations were made on the basis of the strength of the available evidence according to the US Preventative Services Task Force grading system.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twenty-four studies (19 randomized controlled trials and 5 nonrandomized studies) were included in this review. On the basis of the evidence, SGB is recommended for obtunding cardiovascular sympathetic stimulation, improving perfusion in limbs, and alleviating menopausal symptoms with a Grade B or C recommendation and a moderate-to-low level of certainty. There was insufficient evidence to recommend SGB for the other indications.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>SGB can be considered for obtunding cardiovascular sympathetic stimulation and stress response, reducing vascular tone to improve vascular insufficiency in the limbs and perioperative hemodynamic stability, and alleviating hot flashes in menopause, in conditions refractory to conventional medical management.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnad011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T06:23:47Z","timestamp":1675319027000},"page":"775-781","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Stellate ganglion block for non-pain indications: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6274-9840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy","family":"Feigin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, University Health Network\u2014Toronto Western Hospital , Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Velasco Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, University Health Network\u2014Toronto Western Hospital , Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina F","family":"Englesakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Library & Information Services, University Health Network , Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohan","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0893-8813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmine","family":"Hoydonckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, University Health Network\u2014Toronto Western Hospital , Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuj","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, University Health Network\u2014Toronto Western Hospital , Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-014-0424-5","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block: safety and efficacy","volume":"18","author":"Narouze","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B2","first-page":"323","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging for stellate ganglion block: direct visualization of puncture site and local anesthetic spread. A pilot study","volume":"20","author":"Kapral","year":"1995","journal-title":"Reg Anesth"},{"key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B3","author":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69","article-title":"Scoping studies: advancing the methodology","volume":"5","author":"Levac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B8","year":"2022"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2016.06.025","article-title":"Acute effects of unilateral temporary stellate ganglion block on human atrial electrophysiological properties and atrial fibrillation inducibility","volume":"13","author":"Leftheriotis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/11101849.2020.1819110","article-title":"Preoperative left stellate ganglion block: does it offer arrhythmia-protection during off-pump CABG surgery? A randomized clinical trial","volume":"36","author":"Abd Allah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egyptian J Anaesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2014.06.012","article-title":"Effects of stellate ganglion block on cardiovascular reaction and heart rate variability in elderly patients during anesthesia induction and endotracheal intubation","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjan.2020.03.007","article-title":"Effect of ultrasound-guided right stellate ganglion block on perioperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing lung lobectomy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Ouyang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz J Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001137","article-title":"A single-dose of stellate ganglion block for the prevention of postoperative dysrhythmias in patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery for cancer: a randomized controlled double-blind trial","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-5172.2004.00389.x","article-title":"Preoperative stellate ganglion blockade prevents tourniquet-induced hypertension during general anesthesia","volume":"48","author":"Arai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2016.12.003","article-title":"Effect of stellate ganglion block on hemodynamics and stress responses during CO2-pneumoperitoneum in elderly patients","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2016.03.019","article-title":"Effects of ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block on autonomic nervous function during CO2-pneumoperitoneum: a randomized double-blind control trial","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2010.03.007","article-title":"Preliminary experience in the use of preoperative echo-guided left stellate ganglion block in patients undergoing cardiac surgery","volume":"25","author":"Garneau","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B18","first-page":"351","article-title":"Effects of ultrasound guided ganglion stellate blockade on intraoperative and postoperative hemodynamic responses in laparoscopic gynecologic surgery","volume":"15","author":"Rahimzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1177\/1129729818809907","article-title":"The effect of stellate ganglion block on the function of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis: a randomized trial","volume":"20","author":"Rahimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vasc Access"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1080\/14017430600913207","article-title":"Does preemptive stellate ganglion blockage increase the patency of radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula?","volume":"40","author":"Yildirim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand Cardiovasc J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.01260.x","article-title":"Pre-emptive stellate ganglion block increases the patency of radial artery grafts in coronary artery bypass surgery","volume":"51","author":"Yildirim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000194","article-title":"Effects of stellate ganglion block on vasomotor symptoms: findings from a randomized controlled clinical trial in postmenopausal women","volume":"21","author":"Walega","year":"2014","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12331","article-title":"Management of hot flushes in breast cancer survivors: comparison between stellate ganglion block and pregabalin","volume":"15","author":"Othman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4831","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S173511","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of stellate ganglion block and paroxetine on hot flashes and sleep disturbance in breast cancer survivors","volume":"10","author":"Rahimzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B25","first-page":"93","article-title":"Effects of stellate ganglion block on breast cancer-related lymphedema: comparison of various injectates","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B26","first-page":"255","article-title":"Comparison between the effectiveness of complex decongestive therapy and stellate ganglion block in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema: a randomized controlled study","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000402","article-title":"Stellate ganglion block for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"Hanling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3474","article-title":"Effect of stellate ganglion block treatment on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: a randomized clinical trial [published correction appears in JAMA]","volume":"77","author":"Rae Olmsted","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00014146","article-title":"Treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss with a continuous epidural block","volume":"256(Suppl 1)","author":"Fujino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3109\/00016487909137177","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen and stellate ganglion blocks for idiopathic sudden hearing loss","volume":"88","author":"Goto","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1976.00780060051003","article-title":"Stellate ganglion blocks for idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"102","author":"Haug","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480701387082","article-title":"Prostaglandin E1 in combination with hyperbaric oxygen therapy for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"128","author":"Suzuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181b494de","article-title":"Development and validation of a new technique for ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block","volume":"34","author":"Gofeld","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577784","article-title":"Stellate ganglion block reduces symptoms of long COVID: a case series","volume":"362","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B35","first-page":"e27779","article-title":"Stellate ganglion block for anosmia and dysgeusia due to long COVID","volume":"14","author":"Chauhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"28","key":"2023070519281662200_pnad011-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29358","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000029358","article-title":"Local anesthetics as a therapeutic tool for post COVID-19 patients: a case report","volume":"101","author":"Vinyes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"}],"container-title":["Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/pm\/pnad011\/49523020\/pnad011.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article-pdf\/24\/7\/775\/50825553\/pnad011.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article-pdf\/24\/7\/775\/50825553\/pnad011.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T19:46:33Z","timestamp":1688586393000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article\/24\/7\/775\/7023960"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnad011","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-2375","1526-4637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-2375","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4637","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]}}}