{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:33:03Z","timestamp":1793831583906,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,2]],"date-time":"2023-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epidural steroid injections are frequently performed to manage radicular symptoms. Most research investigating the effectiveness of different routes of epidural injections were conducted with non-homogeneous groups. In this study our aim was to investigate the efficacy of caudal versus transforaminal approaches in patients with unilateral S1 radiculopathy secondary to a paracentral L5\u2013S1 disc herniation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective, randomized clinical trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A university hospital pain management center.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was conducted between January 2022 and February 2023. Patients with unilateral S1 radiculopathy were randomly divided into two groups: the caudal epidural steroid injection (CESI) and the transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI) group. Severity of pain and disability were assessed with Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) at baseline, 3\u2009weeks, and 3\u2009months after treatment. Fifty percent or more improvement in NRS-11 was defined as treatment success. Fluoroscopy time and doses of exposed radiation were also recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 60 patients were included in the final analysis (n\u2009=\u200930 for each group). Significant improvement in pain and disability scores was observed at 3rd week and 3rd month compared to baseline (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). Treatment success rate at 3rd month was 77% for the CESI group and 73% for the TFESI group without any significant difference between the groups (P\u2009=\u2009.766).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CESI is equally effective as TFESI in the management of S1 radiculopathy due to a paracentral L5\u2013S1 disc herniation. Both approaches can reduce pain and disability, while CESI requires shorter fluoroscopy time and less radiation exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnad041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T02:59:02Z","timestamp":1680058742000},"page":"957-962","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Caudal epidural steroid injection versus transforaminal ESI for unilateral S1 radiculopathy: a prospective, randomized trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0987-0876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekim Can","family":"Ozturk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Pain Medicine Section, Istanbul Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital , Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6786-5306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rekib","family":"Sacaklidir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Pain Medicine Section, Marmara University, School of Medicine , Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8150-0581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Savas","family":"Sencan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Pain Medicine Section, Marmara University, School of Medicine , Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3214-803X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osman Hakan","family":"Gunduz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Pain Medicine 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