{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T08:59:45Z","timestamp":1782982785044,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]],"date-time":"2023-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23GM123320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23GM123320"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At low doses, naltrexone (LDN) has been shown to modulate inflammation through the interruption of microglial cell activation within the central nervous system. One of the most likely contributors to centralized pain is changes in microglial cell processing. Therefore, it has been postulated that LDN can be used to manage patients with pain resulting from central sensitization due to this relationship. This scoping review aims to synthesize the relevant study data for LDN as a novel treatment strategy for various centralized pain conditions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar, guided by the Scale for Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) criteria.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Forty-seven studies related to centralized pain conditions were identified. Many of the studies were case reports\/series and narrative reviews, but a few randomized control trials have been conducted. Overall, the body of evidence revealed improvement in patient-reported pain severity and in outcomes related to hyperalgesia, physical function, quality of life, and sleep. Variability in dosing paradigms and the time to patient response was present in the reviewed studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Evidence synthesized for this scoping review supports the ongoing use of LDN for the treatment of refractory pain in various centralized chronic pain conditions. Upon review of the currently available published studies, it is apparent that further high-quality, well-powered randomized control trials need to be conducted to establish efficacy, standardization for dosing, and response times. In summary, LDN continues to offer promising results in the management of pain and other distressing symptoms in patients with chronic centralized pain conditions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnad074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T08:46:35Z","timestamp":1686213995000},"page":"1270-1281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Low-dose naltrexone\u2019s utility for non-cancer centralized pain conditions: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5982-0113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Rupp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS 66160, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2272-3608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS 66160, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea L","family":"Chadwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS 66160, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2024012320022524000_pnad074-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2517-2","article-title":"The use of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) as a novel anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic pain","volume":"33","author":"Younger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024012320022524000_pnad074-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001333","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001333.pub3","article-title":"Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence","volume":"16","author":"Minozzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 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