{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T08:23:23Z","timestamp":1740126203977,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) is a polysynaptic and multisegmental spinal reflex that develops in response to a noxious stimulus and is characterized by the withdrawal of the affected body part. The NFR possesses two excitatory components: early RII and late RIII. Late RIII is derived from high-threshold cutaneous afferent A-delta fibers, which are prone to injury early in the course of diabetes mellitus (DM) and may lead to neuropathic pain. We investigated NFR in patients with DM with different types of polyneuropathies to analyze the role of NFR in small fiber neuropathy (SFN).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We included 37 patients with DM and 20 healthy participants of similar age and sex. We performed the Composite Autonomic Neuropathy Scale-31, modified Toronto Neuropathy Scale, and routine nerve conduction studies. We grouped the patients into large fiber neuropathy (LFN), SFN, and no overt neurological symptom\/sign groups. In all participants, NFR was recorded on anterior tibial (AT) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles after train stimuli on the sole of the foot, and NFR-RIII findings were compared.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We identified 11 patients with LFN, 15 with SFN, and 11 with no overt neurological symptoms or signs. The RIII response on the AT was absent in 22 (60%) patients with DM and 8 (40%) healthy participants. The RIII response on the BF was absent in 31 (73.8%) patients and 7 (35%) healthy participants (P\u2009=\u2009.001). In DM, the latency of RIII was prolonged, and the magnitude was reduced. Abnormal findings were seen in all subgroups; however, they were more prominent in patients with LFN compared to other groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The NFR-RIII was abnormal in patients with DM even before the emergence of the neuropathic symptoms. The pattern of involvement before neuropathic symptoms was possibly related to an earlier loss of A-delta fibers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnad077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T22:49:09Z","timestamp":1686264549000},"page":"1161-1168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nociceptive flexion reflex in small fibers neuropathy and pain assessments"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Merve Hazal","family":"Ser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpa\u015fa, Cerrahpa\u015fa Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul, Fatih 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Basak","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpa\u015fa, Cerrahpa\u015fa Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul, Fatih 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cem","family":"Sulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpa\u015fa, Cerrahpa\u015fa Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul, Fatih 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mustafa Sait","family":"G\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpa\u015fa, Cerrahpa\u015fa Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul, Fatih 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2365-0850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aysegul","family":"Gunduz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpa\u015fa, Cerrahpa\u015fa Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul, Fatih 34098, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2023100310160523000_pnad077-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2005.11.003","article-title":"The lower limb flexion reflex in humans","volume":"77","author":"Sandrini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2023100310160523000_pnad077-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1910.sp001362","article-title":"Flexion-reflex of the limb, crossed extension-reflex, and reflex stepping and standing","volume":"40","author":"Sherrington","year":"1910","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2023100310160523000_pnad077-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/83.3.394","article-title":"An electromyographic study of the nociceptive reflexes of the lower limb. 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