{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T09:43:25Z","timestamp":1786787005541,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004312","name":"Eli Lilly & Co.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ShiraTronics"},{"name":"Schedule 1 Therapeutics"},{"name":"Vectura Fertin"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Headache diseases remain one of the leading causes of disability in the world. With the development of neuromodulation strategies, high cervical spinal cord stimulation (hcSCS) targeting the trigeminocervical complex has been deployed to treat refractory headache diseases. In this article, we review the proposed mechanism behind hcSCS stimulation, and the various studies that have been described for the successful use of this treatment strategy in patients with chronic migraine, cluster headache, and other trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnad090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T00:15:49Z","timestamp":1697242549000},"page":"S6-S10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Use of spinal cord stimulation in treatment of intractable headache diseases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6429-4069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brooke V","family":"Towne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego Health, San Diego, CA 92037, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol B","family":"Girgiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4970-6296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaniel M","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego Health, San Diego, CA 92037, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"58","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0544-2","article-title":"Headache disorders are the third cause of disability worldwide","volume":"16","author":"Steiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14153","article-title":"The American Headache Society Consensus Statement: update on integrating new migraine treatments into clinical practice","volume":"61","author":"Ailani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab236","article-title":"Percutaneous interventional strategies for migraine prevention: a systematic review and practice guideline","volume":"23","author":"Barad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01130-5","article-title":"European headache federation consensus on the definition of resistant and refractory migraine: developed with the endorsement of the European Migraine & Headache Alliance (EMHA)","volume":"21","author":"Sacco","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2022.01.007","article-title":"Peripheral nerve stimulation for chronic pain and migraine: a review","volume":"33","author":"Erosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00276","article-title":"A neuroscience perspective of physical treatment of headache and neck pain.\u201d","author":"Castien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-003-0036-y","article-title":"The trigeminocervical complex and migraine: current concepts and synthesis","volume":"7","author":"Bartsch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B8","first-page":"404","article-title":"The trigeminocervical complex","volume":"18","author":"Busch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schmerz"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199608000-00026","article-title":"Release of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the dorsal horn and suppression of tactile allodynia by spinal cord stimulation in mononeuropathic rats","volume":"39","author":"Stiller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00324-3","article-title":"Effect of spinal cord stimulation on tactile hypersensitivity in mononeuropathic rats is potentiated by simultaneous GABA(B) and adenosine receptor activation","volume":"247","author":"Cui","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B11","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Garcia","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000047","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation reduces mechanical hyperalgesia and glial cell activation in animals with neuropathic pain","volume":"118","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.09.049","article-title":"Bipolar spinal cord stimulation attenuates mechanical hypersensitivity at an intensity that activates a small portion of a-fiber afferents in spinal nerve-injured rats","volume":"199","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12721","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for treating chronic pain: reviewing preclinical and clinical data on paresthesia-free high-frequency therapy","volume":"21","author":"Chakravarthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12161","article-title":"Efficacy of kilohertz-frequency and conventional spinal cord stimulation in rat models of different pain conditions","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"2013","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.09.006","article-title":"Exploration of supraspinal mechanisms in effects of spinal cord stimulation: role of the locus coeruleus","volume":"253","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12624","article-title":"Conventional and novel spinal stimulation algorithms: hypothetical mechanisms of action and comments on outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Linderoth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002179","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain: mode of action","volume":"42(Suppl 14)","author":"Vallejo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12236","article-title":"High-cervical spinal cord stimulation for medically intractable chronic migraine","volume":"18","author":"De Agostino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.692","article-title":"Cervical 10 kHz spinal cord stimulation in the management of chronic, medically refractory migraine: a prospective, open-label, exploratory study","volume":"20","author":"Arcioni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Pain (London, England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-016-0657-2","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of cervical 10 kHz spinal cord stimulation in chronic refractory primary headaches: a retrospective case series","volume":"17","author":"Lambru","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13465","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of 10 kHz spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of refractory chronic migraine: a prospective long-term open-label study","volume":"25","author":"Al-Kaisy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2019.07.008","article-title":"An update: pathophysiology of migraine","volume":"37","author":"Goadsby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B24"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2005.00878.x","article-title":"The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition (ICHD-II)\u2014revision of criteria for 8.2 Medication-overuse headache","volume":"25","author":"Silberstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01661.x","article-title":"High cervical epidural neurostimulation for cluster headache: case report and review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Wolter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411412627","article-title":"High cervical spinal cord stimulation for chronic cluster headache","volume":"31","author":"Wolter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"15","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411422384","article-title":"Concerning high cervical spinal cord stimulation for chronic cluster headache","volume":"31","author":"Gaul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-013-0324-0","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation in cluster headache","volume":"17","author":"Wolter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B30","first-page":"ii19","article-title":"Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias","volume":"72(Suppl 2)","author":"Matharu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-005-0255-1","article-title":"A case of post\u2013traumatic cervicogenic headache treated by cervical cord stimulation","volume":"6","author":"Dario","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01829.x","article-title":"Cervicomedullary junction spinal cord stimulation for head and facial pain","volume":"51","author":"Tomycz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000774","article-title":"Novel 10-kHz high-frequency therapy (HF10 Therapy) is superior to traditional low-frequency spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic back and leg pain: the SENZA-RCT randomized controlled trial","volume":"123","author":"Kapural","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023101400154113500_pnad090-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13285","article-title":"Pain relief and improvement in quality of life with 10 kHz SCS therapy: summary of clinical evidence","volume":"26","author":"Sayed","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"}],"container-title":["Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article-pdf\/24\/Supplement_2\/S6\/52109141\/pnad090.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article-pdf\/24\/Supplement_2\/S6\/52109141\/pnad090.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T00:16:06Z","timestamp":1697242566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article\/24\/Supplement_2\/S6\/7313603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnad090","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-2375","1526-4637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-2375","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4637","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}}}