{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T10:51:59Z","timestamp":1789555919407,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is multifactorial in nature, with recent research highlighting the role of multifidus dysfunction in a subset of nonspecific CLBP. This review aimed to provide a foundational reference that elucidates the pathophysiological cascade of multifidus dysfunction, how it contrasts with other CLBP etiologies and the role of restorative neurostimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A scoping review of the literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 194 articles were included, and findings were presented to highlight emerging principles related to multifidus dysfunction and restorative neurostimulation. Multifidus dysfunction is diagnosed by a history of mechanical, axial, nociceptive CLBP and exam demonstrating functional lumbar instability, which differs from other structural etiologies. Diagnostic images may be used to grade multifidus atrophy and assess other structural pathologies. While various treatments exist for CLBP, restorative neurostimulation distinguishes itself from traditional neurostimulation in a way that treats a different etiology, targets a different anatomical site, and has a distinctive mechanism of action.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multifidus dysfunction has been proposed to result from loss of neuromuscular control, which may manifest clinically as muscle inhibition resulting in altered movement patterns. Over time, this cycle may result in potential atrophy, degeneration and CLBP. Restorative neurostimulation, a novel implantable neurostimulator system, stimulates the efferent lumbar medial branch nerve to elicit repetitive multifidus contractions. This intervention aims to interrupt the cycle of dysfunction and normalize multifidus activity incrementally, potentially restoring neuromuscular control. Restorative neurostimulation has been shown to reduce pain and disability in CLBP, improve quality of life and reduce health care expenditures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnad098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T12:36:13Z","timestamp":1689165373000},"page":"1341-1354","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Multifidus dysfunction and restorative neurostimulation: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6513-0058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinicius","family":"Tieppo Francio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, The University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS 66160, United States"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS 66160, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin D","family":"Westerhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cantor Spine Institute at the Paley Orthopedic & Spine Institute , West Palm Beach, FL 33407, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5753-4810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexios G","family":"Carayannopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence, RI 02903, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawood","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS 66160, United 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