{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:50:30Z","timestamp":1792176630283,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Glossopharyngeal nerve block is a useful interventional technique for pain management of the head and neck. It is performed with landmark techniques or ultrasound guidance. We propose a novel ultrasound-guided glossopharyngeal nerve block technique.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This new approach was performed in 3 patients in their twenties and thirties. A needle was inserted deeply under the stylohyoid muscle through the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Subsequently, an ultrasound-guided nerve block was performed with 1\u2009mL of 1% xylocaine. The performance of our technique was evaluated with 2 tests: a cold sensitivity test and a gag reflex test.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The effect of the nerve block was observed in the posterior third of the tongue on both sides, the tonsils, and the pharyngeal region. The effect lasted for approximately 1.5\u2009hour. Motor efferent block was not observed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We designated the technique as ultrasound-guided selective glossopharyngeal nerve block: posterior mandibular ramus approach. No complications occurred during the bilateral application. This novel approach can be performed at a very shallow position, compared with conventional methods. There is no damage to tissues other than the muscles, which reduces postoperative complications and patient distress. Although our technique requires further safety assessments and technical refinements, it could represent a simpler alternative to conventional methods in daily clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnad143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T13:27:06Z","timestamp":1698413226000},"page":"169-172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ultrasound-guided selective glossopharyngeal nerve block: posterior mandibular ramus approach"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9645-2148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuki","family":"Kojima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Asahi General Hospital , Chiba,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songi","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine , Tokyo,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuya","family":"Hirabayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Asahi General Hospital , Chiba,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2025082211565638200_pnad143-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-018-0630-5","article-title":"Tracking the glossopharyngeal nerve pathway through anatomical references in cross-sectional imaging techniques: a pictorial review","volume":"9","author":"Garc\u00eda Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025082211565638200_pnad143-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.107662","article-title":"An uncommonly common: glossopharyngeal neuralgia","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082211565638200_pnad143-B3","first-page":"304","article-title":"Glossopharyngeal nerve block using ultrasound guidance: a case report of a new technique","volume":"14","author":"Bedder","year":"1989","journal-title":"Reg Anesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082211565638200_pnad143-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_139_19","article-title":"A novel technique of ultrasound-guided glossopharyngeal nerve block to relieve cancer pain","volume":"13","author":"Manoharan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082211565638200_pnad143-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199706000-00011","article-title":"Glossopharyngeal nerve block for pain relief after pediatric tonsillectomy: retrospective analysis and two cases of life-threatening upper airway obstruction from an interrupted trial","volume":"84","author":"Bean-Lijewski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2025082211565638200_pnad143-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2022.110986","article-title":"Staining of hypoglossal and vagus nerves observed following ultrasound guided distal glossopharyngeal nerve block in cadavers","volume":"83","author":"Low","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025082211565638200_pnad143-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz370","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial comparing landmark and ultrasound-guided glossopharyngeal nerve in Eagle syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Sundaram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025082211565638200_pnad143-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000561","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided glossopharyngeal nerve block: a cadaver and a volunteer sonoanatomy study","volume":"42","author":"A\u017eman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2025082211565638200_pnad143-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S214596","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided glossopharyngeal nerve block via the styloid process for glossopharyngeal neuralgia: a retrospective study","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025082211565638200_pnad143-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_138_19","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided glossopharyngeal nerve block: description of a new technique","volume":"37","author":"Punj","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Pain 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