{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T12:55:05Z","timestamp":1790945705780,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cannabinoids are increasingly used in the management of chronic pain. Although analgesic potential has been demonstrated, cannabinoids interact with a range of bodily functions that are also influenced by chronic pain medications, including opioids.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed a scoping review of literature on the pharmacodynamic effects following the co-administration of cannabinoids and opioids.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We systematically searched EMBASE, PubMed, and PsycINFO for studies that experimentally investigated the co-effects of cannabinoids and opioids in human subjects. Available evidence was summarized by clinical population and organ system. A risk of bias assessment was performed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. Study populations included patients with chronic non-cancer and cancer pain on long-term opioid regimens and healthy young adults without prior exposure to opioids who were subject to experimental nociceptive stimuli. Commonly administered cannabinoid agents included \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol and\/or cannabidiol. Co-administration of cannabinoids and opioids did not consistently improve pain outcomes; however, sleep and mood benefits were observed in chronic pain patients. Increased somnolence, memory and attention impairment, dizziness, gait disturbance, and nauseousness and vomiting were noted with co-administration of cannabinoids and opioids. Cardiorespiratory effects following co-administration appeared to vary according to duration of exposure, population type, and prior exposure to cannabinoids and opioids.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The available evidence directly investigating the pharmacodynamic effects following co-administration of cannabinoids and opioids for non-analgesic outcomes is scarce and suffers from a lack of methodological reporting. As such, further research in this area with comprehensive methodologic reporting is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnae024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:19:15Z","timestamp":1712017155000},"page":"423-434","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pharmacodynamic effects following co-administration of cannabinoids and opioids: a scoping review of human experimental studies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1536-9092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Guy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5472-650X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared C","family":"Wootten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Turski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Lukewich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Alboog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and ICU, University of Jeddah, College of Medicine Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abirami R","family":"Kandasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital\u2014London\u2019s Health Science Center , London, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Episode Mood & Anxiety Program, Emergency Diversion Clinic for Children\u2019s Hospital, and Ambulatory Child & Adolescent Mental Health Care Program, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raju","family":"Poolacherla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Chronic Pain Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2024070507511309600_pnae024-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2018.1509842","article-title":"What does the ecological and epidemiological evidence indicate about the potential for cannabinoids to reduce opioid use and harms? 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