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Three independent reviewers screened articles and extracted data. Study quality was assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 9561 initial records, 19 studies met inclusion criteria. The use of ICD-10 code F11.9* (Opioid use) emerged as the most referenced method for documenting OM, distinguishing it from OUD methods (F11.1, opioid abuse; F11.2, opioid dependence). Studies demonstrated significant heterogeneity in coding practices, resulting in code-based definitions identifying only approximately 50% of cases compared to more comprehensive clinical assessment approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While ICD-10 code F11.9* can effectively document OM as distinct from OUD, successful implementation requires consensus on the clinical definition of OM and documentation in the form of clear clinical guidelines and operationalized through enhanced EHR integration. Future research should focus on validating these approaches across diverse healthcare settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaf019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T08:09:20Z","timestamp":1740470960000},"page":"372-396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Diagnosis and coding of opioid misuse: a systematic scoping review and implementation framework"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6591-9390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert W","family":"Hurley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard , Winston-Salem, NC 27157,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard , Winston-Salem, NC 27157,","place":["United 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