{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T10:50:44Z","timestamp":1792234244883,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA053243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA053243"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA045872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA045872"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"NIDA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01DA049950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01DA049950"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"College on Problems of Drug Dependence and Board of Directors, Interdisciplinary Association of Population Health Sciences","award":["R01DA056407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA056407"]}]},{"name":"College on Problems of Drug Dependence and Board of Directors, Interdisciplinary Association of Population Health Sciences","award":["R01DA053243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA053243"]}]},{"name":"President of the Interdisciplinary Association of Population Health Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CDC recommends initiating opioids for pain treatment at the lowest effective dose and duration; however, how dose, duration, and drug type jointly influence opioid use disorder risk remains a critical gap not addressed by current guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examine how interactions between dose, duration, and other medication factors (eg, drug type) influence opioid use disorder (OUD) risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, Setting, Participants, Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using Medicaid claims data (2016-2019) from 25 states, we analyzed opioid-na\u00efve adults, newly diagnosed with musculoskeletal pain who initiated opioids within 3 months of diagnosis. A 6-month washout confirmed no prior opioid exposure or musculoskeletal diagnosis. Initial opioids were categorized by \u201cdose-days supplied\u201d (low [&amp;gt;0-20\u2009mg MME] to very high [&amp;gt;90\u2009mg MME] dose, and short [1-7\u2009days] to moderate [&amp;gt;7-30\u2009days] supply) and by opioid type; physical therapy (PT) sessions were also recorded. Using Poisson regression models, we estimated the OUD risk associated with dose-days categories, adjusting for baseline demographics, clinical characteristics, and medications. We separately examined opioid dose-days and PT, and assessed PT\u2019s moderating effect on dose-days\u2019 impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 30\u00a0536 patients, half initiated opioids at 20-50 MME for 1-7\u2009days, and 20% received PT. OUD risk was 2-3 times higher for opioids initiated for &amp;gt;7-30\u2009days compared to 1-7\u2009days across doses, and 5.5 times higher for opioids initiated for &amp;gt;7-30\u2009days at &amp;gt;90 MME versus 1-7\u2009days at &amp;lt;20 MME. PT alone, neither affected OUD risk nor mitigated the increased risk from longer or higher dose opioids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings support the need for careful opioid prescribing and alternative pain management strategies, as the observed associations between initial prescription characteristics and OUD were not mitigated by adjunctive PT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrated that initial opioid prescriptions of 7-30\u2009days, especially above 90 MME\/day, increased OUD risk in opioid-na\u00efve patients with musculoskeletal pain; physical therapy did not mitigate the risk. Different opioids posed varied risks, even at the same dose and duration. Careful prescribing and alternative pain management are essential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaf077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T07:56:50Z","timestamp":1750406210000},"page":"4-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Opioid dose, duration, and risk of use disorder in Medicaid patients with musculoskeletal pain"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5745-1684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison","family":"Perry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine , New York, NY 10016,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7396-3938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noa","family":"Krawczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine , New York, NY 10016,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hillary","family":"Samples","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Rutgers Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research , New Brunswick, NJ 08901,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health , Piscataway, NJ 08854,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia S","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, NY 10032,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, NY 10032,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas T","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, NY 10032,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, NY 10032,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, NY 10032,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine , New York, NY 10016,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9417-7960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara E","family":"Rudolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, NY 10032,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Cerd\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine , New York, NY 10016,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2021.1971818","article-title":"Physical therapists should play a greater role in managing patients with opioid use and opioid misuse","volume":"42","author":"Magel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e185909","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.5909","article-title":"Association of early physical therapy with long-term opioid use among opioid-naive patients with musculoskeletal pain","volume":"1","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1","article-title":"CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain\u2014United States, 2022","volume":"71","author":"Dowell","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000021","article-title":"The role of opioid prescription in incident opioid abuse and dependence among individuals with chronic noncancer pain: the role of opioid prescription","volume":"30","author":"Edlund","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B5","first-page":"85","article-title":"Pain as the fifth vital sign","volume":"24","author":"Lynch","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Intraven Nurs"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2013.10.001","article-title":"Pain as the fifth vital sign: exposing the vital need for pain education","volume":"35","author":"Morone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B7","author":"Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF)","year":"2024"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2022.01.006","article-title":"Trends in prescriptions for non-opioid pain medications among U.S. adults with moderate or severe pain, 2014-2018","volume":"23","author":"Gorfinkel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0272142","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272142","article-title":"Trends in opioid and non-opioid treatment for chronic non-cancer pain and cancer pain among privately insured adults in the United States, 2012-2019","volume":"17","author":"Bandara","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B10","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2024"},{"issue":"5152","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm675152e1","article-title":"Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths\u2014United States, 2013-2017","volume":"67","author":"Scholl","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108601","article-title":"Prescription opioid characteristics at initiation for non-cancer pain and risk of treated opioid use disorder: a population-based study","volume":"221","author":"Papadomanolakis-Pakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3810-3","article-title":"Association between initial opioid prescribing patterns and subsequent long-term use among opioid-naive patients: a statewide retrospective cohort study","volume":"32","author":"Deyo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6610a1","article-title":"Characteristics of initial prescription episodes and likelihood of long-term opioid use\u2014United States, 2006-2015","volume":"66","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23202","article-title":"Predictors of long-term opioid use and opioid use disorder among construction workers: analysis of claims data","volume":"64","author":"Dale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.05.020","article-title":"Risks for possible and probable opioid misuse among recipients of chronic opioid therapy in commercial and Medicaid insurance plans: the TROUP study","volume":"150","author":"Sullivan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12464","article-title":"Importance of the type of provider seen to begin health care for a new episode low back pain: associations with future utilization and costs","volume":"22","author":"Fritz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e028633","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028633","article-title":"Observational retrospective study of the association of initial healthcare provider for new-onset low back pain with early and long-term opioid use","volume":"9","author":"Kazis","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4629","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12984","article-title":"Physical therapy as the first point of care to treat low back pain: an instrumental variables approach to estimate impact on opioid prescription, health care utilization, and costs","volume":"53","author":"Frogner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12654","article-title":"Relationships between physical therapy intervention and opioid use: a scoping review","volume":"14","author":"Brown-Taylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e193365","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.3365","article-title":"Strategies to identify patient risks of prescription opioid addiction when initiating opioids for pain: a systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Klimas","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Rudolph","year":"2024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2024.07.006"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2145691","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.45691","article-title":"Factors associated with opioid overdose after an initial opioid prescription","volume":"5","author":"Weiner","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e214552","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.4552","article-title":"Trajectories of opioid use following first opioid prescription in opioid-naive youths and young adults","volume":"4","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"6S2","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.07.019","article-title":"Prevalence and medical costs of chronic diseases among adult Medicaid beneficiaries","volume":"53","author":"Chapel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172300332X","article-title":"Independent and joint contributions of physical disability and chronic pain to incident opioid use disorder and opioid overdose among Medicaid patients","volume":"54","author":"Hoffman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B27","author":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B28","author":"Centers for Disease Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B29","first-page":"19","article-title":"Longitudinal patterns of Medicaid and Medicare coverage among disability cash benefit awardees","volume":"72","author":"Rupp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Secur Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70040-2","article-title":"Use of opioid analgesics in the treatment of cancer pain: evidence-based recommendations from the EAPC","volume":"13","author":"Caraceni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2016.03.007","article-title":"Announcing the CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain","volume":"57","author":"Houry","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Safety Res"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.52.5188","article-title":"Principles of opioid use in cancer pain","volume":"32","author":"Portenoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001417","article-title":"Opioid-induced hallucinations: a review of the literature, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"123","author":"Sivanesan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.22122\/ahj.v10i1.560","article-title":"Opioid drugs and sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"10","author":"Oroei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-023-01553-5","article-title":"Population- and individual-level trajectories of opioid prescription patterns among adults with cerebral palsy: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Whitney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2014.08.131","article-title":"Diagnoses, procedures, drug utilization, comorbidities, and cost of health care for people with epilepsy in 2012","volume":"41","author":"Wilner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.01.013","article-title":"The potential role of physical exercise in the treatment of epilepsy","volume":"17","author":"Arida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4103\/ortho.IJOrtho_241_17","article-title":"Evidence-based approach to physical therapy in cerebral palsy","volume":"53","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Orthop"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzy082","article-title":"Physical therapy services for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities: the role of Medicaid home- and community-based service waivers","volume":"98","author":"Friedman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B40","first-page":"421","article-title":"Prevalence and most common causes of disability among adults\u2014United States, 2005","volume":"58","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B41","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B42","author":"State of Ohio Board of Pharmacy","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B43","author":"Nubain","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B44","author":"Washington State Health Care Authority","year":"2024"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000948","article-title":"Inches, centimeters, and yards: overlooked definition choices inhibit interpretation of morphine equivalence","volume":"37","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e234731","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.4731","article-title":"Opioid prescribing patterns after imposition of setting-specific limits on prescription duration","volume":"5","author":"Allen","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.001","article-title":"Risk factors for discontinuation of buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorders in a multi-state sample of Medicaid enrollees","volume":"95","author":"Samples","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2022.108774","article-title":"Psychosocial and behavioral therapy in conjunction with medication for opioid use disorder: patterns, predictors, and association with buprenorphine treatment outcomes","volume":"139","author":"Samples","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnad121","article-title":"Evaluating chronic pain as a risk factor for COVID-19 complications among New York State Medicaid beneficiaries: a retrospective claims analysis","volume":"24","author":"Perry","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.04.022","article-title":"Opioid prescriptions for acute and chronic pain management among Medicaid beneficiaries","volume":"57","author":"Janakiram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e204514","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.4514","article-title":"Indication-specific opioid prescribing for US patients with Medicaid or private insurance, 2017","volume":"3","author":"Mikosz","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e827","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000827","article-title":"Physical therapy and opioid use for musculoskeletal pain management: competitors or companions?","volume":"5","author":"George","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15359","article-title":"Laws limiting prescribing and dispensing of opioids in the United States, 1989-2019","volume":"116","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2016.0322","article-title":"State-level and system-level opioid prescribing policies: the impact on provider practices and overdose deaths, a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Beaudoin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Opioid Manag"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109727","article-title":"Intended and unintended consequences: changes in opioid prescribing practices for postsurgical, acute, and chronic pain indications following two policies in North Carolina, 2012-2018 \u2013 controlled and single-series interrupted time series analyses","volume":"242","author":"Maierhofer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B56","author":"New York State Department of Health","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B57","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B58","author":"State of Rhode Island Department of Health"},{"issue":"16","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-023-01941-1","article-title":"Continued opioid use and adverse events following provision of opioids for musculoskeletal pain in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-015-0830-3","article-title":"Implications of early and guideline adherent physical therapy for low back pain on utilization and costs","volume":"15","author":"Childs","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2017.09.001","article-title":"Influence of initial provider on health care utilization in patients seeking care for neck pain","volume":"1","author":"Horn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04317.x","article-title":"Differences between opioids: pharmacological, experimental, clinical and economical perspectives","volume":"75","author":"Drewes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2016.6138","article-title":"Timing of physical therapy initiation for nonsurgical management of musculoskeletal disorders and effects on patient outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Ojha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012109020240900_pnaf077-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-020-00340-z","article-title":"Commercial and public payer opioid analgesic prescribing policies: a case study","volume":"16","author":"Arfken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"}],"container-title":["Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/pm\/pnaf077\/63568301\/pnaf077.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article-pdf\/27\/1\/4\/63568301\/pnaf077.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article-pdf\/27\/1\/4\/63568301\/pnaf077.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T14:02:08Z","timestamp":1769004128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article\/27\/1\/4\/8172504"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnaf077","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-2375","1526-4637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-2375","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4637","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]}}}