{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T23:58:40Z","timestamp":1784937520978,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of cannabis and cannabidiol (CBD) as alternatives to opioids for managing postoperative pain has gained increasing interest, especially in orthopedic surgical contexts, where opioid dependence remains a pressing concern. This scoping review evaluates experimental studies published from 2014 to 2025 that investigated the efficacy and safety of cannabis or CBD products in managing postoperative orthopedic pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scoping review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 14 experimental studies met the inclusion criteria and were categorized by cannabinoid composition (CBD\u00a0only, tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]\u00a0only, or CBD\/THC combination).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Whereas CBD-only interventions showed mixed results, THC\/CBD combinations demonstrated modest potential for opioid-sparing effects, with neutral safety profiles. One THC-only study reported increased opioid use and length of stay, though confounding variables were present.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, the heterogeneity in study design, cannabinoid formulation, dosing, and patient factors limits significant conclusions. There is a critical need for standardized, prospective clinical trials to better evaluate the potential of cannabinoids in the postoperative period after orthopedic surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaf110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]],"date-time":"2025-08-16T11:27:37Z","timestamp":1755343657000},"page":"111-118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cannabis and cannabidiol for postoperative pain management in orthopedic surgery: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5911-1757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, MN 55455,","place":["United 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