{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:53:15Z","timestamp":1789505595970,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study measured the prognostic value of self-efficacy for outcomes pertaining to chronic pain over 24\u2009months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>National pain research registry from April 2016 to August 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Community-dwelling patients with chronic low back pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire was used at baseline to classify patients as having low, moderate, or high levels of self-efficacy based on tercile cutpoints. Patient-reported outcomes were measured with a numerical rating scale for low back pain intensity, the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System with 29 items.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean age (SD) of 1772 patients was 53.1 (13.1) years and 1309 (73.9%) were female. The mean (SD) score on the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire was 33.5 (14.9). Inverse associations between self-efficacy and both low back pain intensity and back-related disability were observed in multivariable analyses that included 9504 patient encounters over time. For low back pain intensity, \u03b2-coefficients (95% CIs) were \u22120.276 (\u22120.454 to \u22120.097) for moderate self-efficacy (P\u2009=\u2009.002) and \u22120.619 (\u22120.840 to \u22120.398) for high self-efficacy (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) compared with low self-efficacy. For back-related disability, \u03b2-coefficients (95% CIs) were \u22121.821 (\u22122.325 to \u22121.318) for moderate self-efficacy (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) and \u22125.143 (\u22125.771 to \u22124.516) for high self-efficacy (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). There were similar inverse associations between self-efficacy and health-related quality-of-life deficits. Patients with high self-efficacy consistently exceeded the threshold for clinically relevant outcomes (Cohen\u2019s d\u2009\u2265\u20090.2) and reported large effects (Cohen\u2019d\u2009\u2265\u20090.8) indicating greater physical function and participation in social roles and lesser pain interference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings support self-efficacy as a prognostic factor for long-term outcomes among patients with chronic low back pain and underscore the urgent need for more research on interventions to improve self-efficacy in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaf143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T11:55:53Z","timestamp":1760183753000},"page":"481-492","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Self-efficacy as a prognostic factor for pain, disability, and quality of life in chronic low back pain: a 24-month cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1993-0323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John C","family":"Licciardone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UNT Health Science Center, Department of Family Medicine , Fort Worth, TX 76107,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam S","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNT Health Science Center, Department of Family Medicine , Fort Worth, TX 76107,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azelia C","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNT Health Science Center, Department of Family Medicine , Fort Worth, TX 76107,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Tabet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNT Health Science Center, Department of Family Medicine , Fort Worth, TX 76107,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor T","family":"Boody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNT Health Science Center, Department of Family Medicine , Fort Worth, TX 76107,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8300-1484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subhash","family":"Aryal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing , Baltimore, MD 21205,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.12.008","article-title":"The pain self-efficacy questionnaire: taking pain into account","volume":"11","author":"Nicholas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191","article-title":"Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change","volume":"84","author":"Bandura","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318208c8a2","article-title":"Measuring pain self-efficacy","volume":"27","author":"Miles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000235","article-title":"Do pain-related beliefs influence adherence to multidisciplinary rehabilitation? A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"17","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280050200296","article-title":"The mediation of disability by self efficacy in different samples of chronic pain patients","volume":"22","author":"Arnstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijotn.2016.04.001","article-title":"Acute to chronic pain transition in extremity trauma: a narrative review for future preventive interventions (part 2)","volume":"24","author":"Berube","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Orthop Trauma Nurs"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0203964","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203964","article-title":"The relationship of self-efficacy to catastrophizing and depressive symptoms in community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a moderated mediation model","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0303775","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0303775","article-title":"The role of pain self-efficacy and pain catastrophising in the relationship between chronic pain and depression: a moderated mediation model","volume":"19","author":"Kardash","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B9","volume-title":"The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: User Manual","author":"Sullivan","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.08.008","article-title":"The role of self-efficacy on the prognosis of chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Martinez-Calderon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0265-4","article-title":"The science of clinical practice: disease diagnosis or patient prognosis? Evidence about \u201cwhat is likely to happen\u201d should shape clinical practice","volume":"13","author":"Croft","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1366-1","article-title":"How little pain and disability do patients with low back pain have to experience to feel that they have recovered?","volume":"19","author":"Kamper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.02.015","article-title":"Research agenda for the prevention of pain and its impact: report of the Work Group on the Prevention of Acute and Chronic Pain of the Federal Pain Research Strategy","volume":"19","author":"Gatchel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1507136","article-title":"Intensity of chronic pain\u2014the wrong metric?","volume":"373","author":"Ballantyne","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B15","author":"Applied Population Lab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200103000-00008","article-title":"Theoretical perspectives on the relation between catastrophizing and pain","volume":"17","author":"Sullivan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.03.005","article-title":"Report of the NIH Task Force on research standards for chronic low back pain","volume":"15","author":"Deyo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1198\/tast.2009.0001","article-title":"Splitting a predictor at the upper quarter or third and the lower quarter or third","volume":"63","author":"Gelman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198303000-00004","article-title":"A study of the natural history of back pain. Part I: development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low-back pain","volume":"8","author":"Roland","year":"1983","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-11-200306030-00008","article-title":"Spinal manipulative therapy for low back pain. A meta-analysis of effectiveness relative to other therapies","volume":"138","author":"Assendelft","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815e3a10","article-title":"Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change","volume":"33","author":"Ostelo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.09.005","article-title":"Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations","volume":"9","author":"Dworkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B23","author":"HealthMeasures","year":"2021"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v054.i10","article-title":"GLIMMPSE: online power computation for linear models with and without a baseline covariate","volume":"54","author":"Kreidler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","article-title":"Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4","author":"Lakens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001496","article-title":"Normative data for common pain measures in chronic pain clinic populations: closing a gap for clinicians and researchers","volume":"160","author":"Nicholas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22890","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic low back pain in US Adults: data from the 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"68","author":"Shmagel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.03.013","article-title":"Prognostic indicators of low back pain in primary care: five-year prospective study","volume":"14","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2012.02.006","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral therapy, self-efficacy, and depression in persons with chronic pain","volume":"14","author":"Nash","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0294302","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294302","article-title":"Effects of pain education on disability, pain, quality of life, and self-efficacy in chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Sidiq","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026040815361639400_pnaf143-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000635","article-title":"Mindfulness-based stress reduction and cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic low back pain: Similar effects on mindfulness, catastrophizing, self-efficacy, and acceptance in a randomized controlled trial","volume":"157","author":"Turner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"}],"container-title":["Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/pm\/pnaf143\/64639410\/pnaf143.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article-pdf\/27\/4\/481\/64639410\/pnaf143.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article-pdf\/27\/4\/481\/64639410\/pnaf143.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T19:36:24Z","timestamp":1775676984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article\/27\/4\/481\/8283564"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnaf143","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-2375","1526-4637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-2375","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4637","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]}}}