{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T04:12:40Z","timestamp":1777954360942,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA043811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA043811"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AA029729"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AA029729"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Numerous risk factors for persistent pain severity and pain related interference have been identified but opioid use characteristics associated with pain trajectories are understudied. We determined if opioid dose and frequency of use were associated with non-cancer chronic pain trajectories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants starting a new period of prescription opioid use lasting 30\u201390\u2009days were recruited from 2 health care systems that deliver care in Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin. Participants completed structured surveys at baseline and completed up to 12 monthly surveys for PEG-assessed pain severity and interference. Growth mixture modeling was used to compute trajectories. Multinomial, logistic regression models estimated the association between patient opioid use characteristics and trajectory membership, after adjusting for covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sample (n\u2009=\u2009842) was, on average, 53.8\u2009\u00b1\u200911.8\u2009years of age, 68.8% female and 29.0% non-White race. The best fitting model was a 3-class solution with trajectories characterized as \u201cmild\u2013improving,\u201d \u201csevere\u2013improving,\u201d and \u201cstable-severe.\u201d Opioid dose \u226550 morphine milligram equivalent and daily vs non-daily opioid use were not associated with these trajectories. More pain sites was significantly associated with severe improving and stable-severe vs the mild-improving trajectory. Higher income and ability to participate in social roles were inversely associated with membership in the -stable-severe trajectory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this sample with 30\u201390\u2009days of opioid use at baseline, we identified 3 pain trajectories. Relatively few patient characteristics were associated with pain severity and interference trajectories. Opioid dose and frequency of use were not predictors of the course of non-cancer pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaf156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:02:10Z","timestamp":1762866130000},"page":"507-515","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of opioid dose and use frequency with 12-month pain severity and function trajectories"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5604-7954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"Salas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced HEAlth Data (AHEAD) Research Institute, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO 63104,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Health and Clinical Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO 63104,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7044-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa R","family":"Miller-Matero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research and Behavioral Health Services, Henry Ford Health , Detroit, MI 48202,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark D","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, WA 98195,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Secrest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO 63110,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO 63110,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celeste","family":"Pappas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research and Behavioral Health Services, Henry Ford Health , Detroit, MI 48202,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick J","family":"Lustman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO 63108,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Ahmedani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research and Behavioral Health Services, Henry Ford Health , Detroit, MI 48202,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan W","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN 46556,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9148-2863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey F","family":"Scherrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced HEAlth Data (AHEAD) Research Institute, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO 63104,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Health and Clinical Outcomes Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO 63104,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO 63110,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO 63104,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.0899","article-title":"Effect of opioid vs nonopioid medications on pain-related function in patients with chronic back pain or hip or knee osteoarthritis pain: the SPACE randomized clinical trial","volume":"319","author":"Krebs","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.6683","article-title":"Care models to improve pain and reduce opioids among patients prescribed long-term opioid therapy: the VOICE randomized clinical trial","volume":"185","author":"Krebs","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001784","article-title":"Impact of opioid dose escalation on pain intensity: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"161","author":"Hayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E190665","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.0665","article-title":"Trends and patterns of geographic variation in opioid prescribing practices by state, United States, 2006-2017","volume":"2","author":"Schieber","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002547","article-title":"Long-term prescription opioid users\u2019 risk for new-onset depression increases with frequency of use","volume":"163","author":"Scherrer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2014.03.130290","article-title":"Risk of adverse health outcomes with increasing duration and regularity of opioid therapy","volume":"27","author":"Paulozzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000701","article-title":"Initial patterns of prescription opioid supply and risk of mortality among insured adults in the United States","volume":"15","author":"Aroke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-009-0981-1","article-title":"Development and initial validation of the PEG, a three-item scale assessing pain intensity and interference","volume":"24","author":"Krebs","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-015-0264-3","article-title":"Decision support for chronic pain care: how do primary care physicians decide when to prescribe opioids? a qualitative study","volume":"16","author":"Harle","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2023.10.019","article-title":"Baseline characteristics from a new longitudinal cohort of patients with noncancer pain and chronic opioid use in the United States","volume":"25","author":"Secrest","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.20900\/jpbs.20200009","article-title":"The prescription opioids and depression pathways cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Scherrer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Brain Sci"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000452","article-title":"Association of levels of opioid use with pain and activity interference among patients initiating chronic opioid therapy: a longitudinal study","volume":"157","author":"Turner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain. Apr"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B13","author":"PROMIS SF v.2.0-Emotional Support 4a Scale"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-010-9654-0","article-title":"Measuring social health in the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS): item bank development and testing","volume":"19","author":"Hahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B15","volume-title":"The Brief Pain Inventory User Guide","author":"Cleeland","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200409000-00005","article-title":"Validity of the brief pain inventory for use in documenting the outcomes of patients with noncancer pain","volume":"20","author":"Keller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation","volume":"40","author":"Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31825f64d0","article-title":"Systematic review of comorbidity indices for administrative data","volume":"50","author":"Sharabiani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.01.014","article-title":"Development and validation of the current opioid misuse measure","volume":"130","author":"Butler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.149","article-title":"A new, semistructured psychiatric interview for use in genetic-linkage studies\u2014a report on the reliability of the Ssaga","volume":"55","author":"Bucholz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1995.56.423","article-title":"The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): validation of a screening instrument for use in medical settings","volume":"56","author":"Bohn","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3703-5","article-title":"The primary care PTSD screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5): development and evaluation within a veteran primary care sample","volume":"31","author":"Prins","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.167.1.99","article-title":"A scale for the assessment of hedonic tone the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale","volume":"167","author":"Snaith","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/08870449608401990","article-title":"An interview to measure vital exhaustion II. Reliability and validity of the interview and correlations of vital exhaustion with personality charateristics","volume":"11","author":"Meesters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B27","volume-title":"Mplus User\u2019s Guide","author":"Muthen","year":"1998","edition":"7th ed"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02070.x","article-title":"Integrating person-centered analyses: Growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes","volume":"24","author":"Muthen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.1999.00463.x","article-title":"Finite mixture modeling with mixture outcomes using the EM algorithm. Biometrics. 1999; 55:463\u2013469","volume":"55","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B30","first-page":"302","article-title":"An introduction to latent class growth analysis and growth mixture modeling","volume":"2","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Pers Psych"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396","article-title":"Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: a monte Carlo simulation study","volume":"14","author":"Nylund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struc Equation Model Multidiscip J"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000381","article-title":"A comparison of full information maximum likelihood and multiple imputation in structural equation modeling with missing data","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.10.008","article-title":"The natural course of chronic pain in a general population: stability and change in an eight-wave longitudinal study over four years (the HUNT Pain Study)","volume":"21","author":"Glette","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/24740527.2017.1325715","article-title":"Predicting treatment outcomes of pain patients attending tertiary multidisciplinary pain treatment centers: a pain trajectory approach","volume":"1","author":"Page","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can J Pain"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23811","article-title":"Course of back pain in the Canadian population: trajectories, predictors, and outcomes","volume":"71","author":"Canizares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny240","article-title":"Relationships between opioid dosing, pain severity, and disability in a community-based chronic pain population: an exploratory retrospective analysis","volume":"20","author":"DiBenedetto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.12.012","article-title":"Lack of correlation between opioid dose adjustment and pain score change in a group of chronic pain patients","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2026050413570055500_pnaf156-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6626a4","article-title":"Vital signs: changes in opioid prescribing in the United States, 2006-2015","volume":"66","author":"Guy","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"}],"container-title":["Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/pm\/pnaf156\/65270391\/pnaf156.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article-pdf\/27\/5\/507\/65270391\/pnaf156.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article-pdf\/27\/5\/507\/65270391\/pnaf156.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T17:57:09Z","timestamp":1777917429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article\/27\/5\/507\/8320652"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnaf156","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-2375","1526-4637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-2375","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4637","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]}}}