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However, less commonly examined symptoms, such as persistent fatigue, widespread non-cephalic pain, and post-traumatic stress disorder, may also play a key role in migraine-relevant clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current study utilized retrospective clinical registry data from 704 treatment-seeking patients with CM to examine longitudinal trajectories of pain intensity and pain-related life interference using linear growth modeling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High levels of co-occurring non-cephalic pain (71.9% of patients) were noted in this sample. Patients endorsing more widespread pain reported higher average levels of pain intensity over time (\u03b2 = 0.189 [0.103-0.275], P &amp;lt; .001) and less improvement in pain interference over time (\u03b2 = 0.328 [0.131-0.525], P = .001). Additional findings included greater reductions in pain interference among patients with higher baseline levels of pain intensity (\u03b2 = \u22120.185 [\u22120.351 to \u22120.020], P = .028) and fatigue (\u03b2 = \u22120.280 [\u22120.493 to \u22120.067], P = .010) and non-significant associations between post-traumatic stress symptoms and pain intensity and pain interference in all models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current findings suggest that clinical factors sometimes overlooked in headache research, such as co-occurring non-cephalic pain and fatigue, may contribute to trajectories of treatment response and psychosocial function in CM. Future research may benefit from examining these factors in headache-specific treatment settings and in the context of examining the effects of multidisciplinary care on patients with complex symptom presentations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaf162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T12:45:47Z","timestamp":1763469947000},"page":"516-524","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond headache: non-cephalic pain, fatigue, and post-traumatic stress symptoms as longitudinal predictors of chronic migraine outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6388-0920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John A","family":"Sturgeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI,","place":["United 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