{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T04:12:41Z","timestamp":1777954361796,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"College of Physiotherapists of Catalonia","award":["R1\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R1\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the effectiveness of ultrasound-guided percutaneous electrolysis and peripheral nerve stimulation in reducing pain, improving functional capacity, and modifying mechanosensitivity responses in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome compared to a sham intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Settings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Double center pain clinic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subjects<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In brief, 46 patients diagnosed, with carpal tunnel syndrome, assigned to an intervention group or a sham group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both groups received 3 sessions over 4 weeks. Primary outcomes included mean and worst pain intensity. Secondary outcomes assessed functional status and symptoms severity; Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire, Upper Limb Neurodynamic Test 1, grip and pinch strength, two-point discrimination, sensory thresholds, pressure pain threshold and Global Rating of Change Scale. Follow-ups were conducted at 4, 12, and 24\u2009weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Statistically significant intergroup differences were observed for all evaluated variables across follow-ups, except for grip and pinch strength. The intervention group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in pain intensity, functional disability, sensory thresholds, and neural mobility, with large effect sizes ranging from 0.64 to 2.09. Notably, the improvements in pain and function were sustained at 6 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ultrasound-guided percutaneous electrolysis and peripheral nerve stimulation significantly reduce pain and improve function in carpal tunnel syndrome, offering a promising minimally invasive alternative to standard care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Effectiveness of an Invasive Physical Therapy Protocol in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Registration number: NCT05527743. Link to full trial record: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05527743 Patient enrollment began on: April 1, 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaf170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T13:09:10Z","timestamp":1764767350000},"page":"545-559","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of ultrasound-guided percutaneous electrolysis and nerve stimulation on pain and function in carpal tunnel syndrome: A randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9354-2938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Borrella-Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Zaragoza , 50009, Zaragoza,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Nequa Fisioterapia , 50008, Zaragoza,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0419-1943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacobo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC) Josep Trueta s\/n , 08195, Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e9s,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC) Josep Trueta s\/n , 08195, Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e9s,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"L\u00f3pez-de-Celis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC) Josep Trueta s\/n , 08195, Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e9s,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC) Josep Trueta s\/n , 08195, Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e9s,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Study Group on Pathology of the Locomotor System in Primary Care (GEPALAP), Institut Universitari d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 en Atenci\u00f3 Prim\u00e0ria (IDIAP Jordi Gol) , 08007, Barcelona,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Marqu\u00e9s Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nequa Fisioterapia , 50008, Zaragoza,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Bueno-Gracia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Zaragoza , 50009, Zaragoza,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"PhysiUZerapy Health Sciences Research Group, University of Zaragoza , 50009, Zaragoza,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology Service, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario Lozano Blesa , 50009, Zaragoza,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Malo-Urri\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Zaragoza , 50009, Zaragoza,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"PhysiUZerapy Health Sciences Research Group, University of Zaragoza , 50009, Zaragoza,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026050413571763400_pnaf170-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-022-01297-2","article-title":"Pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and genetics of carpal tunnel syndrome: a review","volume":"43","author":"Malakootian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026050413571763400_pnaf170-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30231-9","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, and management","volume":"15","author":"Padua","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2026050413571763400_pnaf170-B3","first-page":"126","article-title":"S. 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