{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T03:34:53Z","timestamp":1791603293662,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medtronic Neuromodulation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for chronic pain has undergone many advancements over the years, including the introduction of novel stimulation waveforms, expansion to treat new pain conditions, and the more recent implementation of evoked compound action potential (ECAP) controlled, closed-loop (CL) SCS. The ECAP\u2014a measure of neural activation\u2014may be used as a biosignal for adjusting stimulation amplitudes to avoid under- and overstimulation associated with spinal cord movement relative to the SCS lead.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Content overview<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using ECAPs in a CL system relies on successfully isolating the neural response signal from the relatively large stimulation artifact. A study with the first commercialized CL-SCS device investigated pain relief with low-frequency stimulation within a therapy window described as ranging from initial perception of sensation to discomfort (paresthesia window). In contrast, another commercial system with CL technology includes additional functionality to support consistent therapy with higher frequency stimulation set at or near the perception threshold. This more recently approved CL-SCS system leverages advanced artifact suppression and flexible CL control algorithms to afford dose control for conventional, high-frequency (up to 1200\u2009Hz), and contemporary SCS waveforms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, we discuss the history and motivation for CL systems in SCS and the challenges faced when implementing such technology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnag039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T12:47:14Z","timestamp":1773233234000},"page":"S35-S45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Closed-loop SCS and sensing: now and in the future"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Krishnan","family":"Chakravarthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare , San Diego, CA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Innovative Pain Treatment Solutions and Surgery Centers, San Diego, CA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Solaris Research Institute, San Diego, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2794-738X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vwaire","family":"Orhurhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Williamsport, PA,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, PA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Willem","family":"Kallewaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rijnstate Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management , Arnhem,","place":["Netherlands"]},{"name":"Amsterdam University Medical Center , Amsterdam,","place":["Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2718-5837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Kapural","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carolinas Pain Institute , Winston-Salem, NC,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Abd-Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin, Department of Anesthesia , Madison, WI,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yashar","family":"Eshraghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ochsner Health System, Louisiana State University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakshmi Rekha","family":"Narra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey , New Brunswick, NJ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remedy Medical Group , San Francisco, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Sheth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sutter Health , Roseville, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6691-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David W","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fullerton Orthopedic, University of California, Irvine , Fullerton, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Sciences , San Diego, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1139-5282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa M","family":"Johanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medtronic Neuromodulation , Minneapolis, MN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3750-147X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia E","family":"Gamache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medtronic Neuromodulation , Minneapolis, MN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Dinsmoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medtronic Neuromodulation , Minneapolis, MN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AnneMarie K","family":"Brinda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medtronic Neuromodulation , Minneapolis, MN,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.07.028","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation versus conventional medical management for neuropathic pain: a multicentre randomised controlled trial in patients with failed back surgery syndrome","volume":"132","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B2","first-page":"951","article-title":"MR assessment of the normal position of the spinal cord in the spinal canal","volume":"15","author":"Holsheimer","year":"1994","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-4754(99)70065-5","article-title":"A review of biomechanics of the central nervous system\u2014part II: spinal cord strains from postural loads","volume":"22","author":"Harrison","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Ther"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.1998.tb00014.x","article-title":"Effects of posture on stimulation parameters in spinal cord stimulation","volume":"1","author":"Cameron","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.1998.tb00013.x","article-title":"Postural changes in spinal cord stimulation perceptual thresholds","volume":"1","author":"Olin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2007\/10\/533","article-title":"Is impedance a parameter to be taken into account in spinal cord stimulation?","volume":"4; 10","author":"Abejon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain Phys"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B7","first-page":"286","article-title":"Physical activity and patient programmer usage in spinal cord stimulation patients","volume":"13","author":"Schade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13258","article-title":"Using lower amplitudes to maintain effective high dose spinal cord stimulation therapy (SCS dosing pilot study)","volume":"24","author":"El-Naggar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2023.08.006","article-title":"Postural changes in spinal cord stimulation thresholds: current and voltage sources","volume":"27","author":"North","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3909","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S344568","article-title":"A new direction for closed-loop spinal cord stimulation: combining contemporary therapy paradigms with evoked compound action potential sensing","volume":"14","author":"Vallejo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12721","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for treating chronic pain: reviewing preclinical and clinical data on paresthesia-free high-frequency therapy","volume":"21","author":"Chakravarthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000467152.83171.84","article-title":"Randomized controlled clinical trial evaluating the safety and effectiveness of 10 kHz high-frequency and traditional low-frequency stimulation for the treatment of chronic back and leg pain [188]","volume":"62","author":"Kapural","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s31","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz003","article-title":"Burst spinal cord stimulation: a clinical review","volume":"20","author":"Kirketeig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004283","article-title":"Passive recharge burst spinal cord stimulation provides sustainable improvements in pain and psychosocial function: 2-year results from the TRIUMPH study","volume":"47","author":"Deer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13015","article-title":"Outcomes of a multicenter, prospective, crossover, randomized controlled trial evaluating subperception spinal cord stimulation at &lt;\/=1.2 kHz in previously implanted subjects","volume":"23","author":"North","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2021.1890580","article-title":"A novel fast-acting sub-perception spinal cord stimulation therapy enables rapid onset of analgesia in patients with chronic pain","volume":"18","author":"Metzger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12401","article-title":"Threshold evolution as an analysis of the different pulse frequencies in rechargeable systems for spinal cord stimulation","volume":"19","author":"Abejon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12223","article-title":"Is the introduction of another variable to the strength-duration curve necessary in neurostimulation?","volume":"18","author":"Abej\u00f3n","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2023.08.011","article-title":"Defining the boundaries of patient perception in spinal cord stimulation programming","volume":"27","author":"Hatheway","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E205","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2025.28.E205","article-title":"Patient experience with open-loop spinal cord stimulation devices across manufacturers and waveforms: results of a double-blind survey","volume":"28","author":"Pritzlaff","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031427","article-title":"Rate-responsive cardiac pacing: technological solutions and their applications","volume":"23","author":"\u015awier\u017cy\u0144ska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00772-5","article-title":"Sensing data and methodology from the adaptive DBS algorithm for personalized therapy in Parkinson\u2019s disease (ADAPT-PD) clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Stanslaski","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2025.2781","article-title":"Long-term personalized adaptive deep brain stimulation in parkinson disease: a nonrandomized clinical trial","volume":"82","author":"Bronte-Stewart","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sensor-driven position-adaptive spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain","volume":"15","author":"Schultz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-019-0131-6","article-title":"Sensor driven-position adaptive versus conventional spinal cord stimulation in failed back surgery syndrome: a retrospective case series","volume":"55","author":"Akbas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa121","article-title":"The long-term effectiveness of the automatic position-adaptive system in spinal cord stimulation: a retrospective comparative study with a two-year follow-up","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med (Malden, Mass.)"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.11.023","article-title":"Compound action potentials recorded in the human spinal cord during neurostimulation for pain relief","volume":"153","author":"Parker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1909497","article-title":"Synchrony of neural activity in electric responses evoked by transient acoustic stimuli","volume":"30","author":"Goldstein","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(86)90033-X","article-title":"Characterization of the electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (ABR) in cats and humans","volume":"21","author":"van den Honert","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(88)90057-3","article-title":"Electrically evoked brainstem potentials in cochlear implant patients with multi-electrode stimulation","volume":"36","author":"Abbas","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-200112000-00004","article-title":"A longitudinal study of electrode impedance, the electrically evoked compound action potential, and behavioral measures in nucleus 24 cochlear implant users","volume":"22","author":"Hughes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1159\/000066154","article-title":"Speech perception in nucleus CI24M cochlear implant users with processor settings based on electrically evoked compound action potential thresholds","volume":"7","author":"Smoorenburg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Audiol Neurootol"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S289098","article-title":"Sensing evoked compound action potentials from the spinal cord: novel preclinical and clinical considerations for the pain management researcher and clinician","volume":"13","author":"Chakravarthy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13510","article-title":"A clinical feasibility study of spinal evoked compound action potential estimation methods","volume":"25","author":"Chakravarthy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26837","article-title":"Sixty-hertz stimulation improves bradykinesia and amplifies subthalamic low-frequency oscillations","volume":"32","author":"Blumenfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26376","article-title":"Beta oscillations in freely moving Parkinson\u2019s subjects are attenuated during deep brain stimulation","volume":"30","author":"Quinn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112888","article-title":"The development of an implantable deep brain stimulation device with simultaneous chronic electrophysiological recording and stimulation in humans","volume":"176","author":"Goyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30414-4","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of closed-loop spinal cord stimulation to treat chronic back and leg pain (Evoke): a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Mekhail","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.4998","article-title":"Durability of clinical and quality-of-life outcomes of closed-loop spinal cord stimulation for chronic back and leg pain: a secondary analysis of the EVOKE randomized clinical trial","volume":"79","author":"Mekhail","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2023-104751","article-title":"ECAP-controlled closed-loop versus open-loop SCS for the treatment of chronic pain: 36-month results of the EVOKE blinded randomized clinical trial","volume":"49","author":"Mekhail","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2024-105346","article-title":"First evidence of a biomarker-based dose-response relationship in chronic pain using physiological closed-loop spinal cord stimulation","volume":"50","author":"Muller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104646","article-title":"Improvements in therapy experience with evoked compound action potential controlled, closed-loop spinal cord stimulation \u2013 primary outcome of the ECHO-MAC randomized clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Will","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2023.04.160","article-title":"ID: 214925 Early experience with closed-loop SCS during in-clinic testing","volume":"26","author":"Will","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuromodul Technol Neural Interface"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673998","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.673998","article-title":"The evoked compound action potential as a predictor for perception in chronic pain patients: tools for automatic spinal cord stimulator programming and control","volume":"15","author":"Pilitsis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B45","first-page":"e58","article-title":"Closed-loop spinal cord stimulation charge per phase control with aggressor activities","volume":"24","author":"Will","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B46","first-page":"e59","article-title":"Closed-loop, differential target multiplexed spinal cord stimulation","volume":"24","author":"Vallejo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.02.075","article-title":"ID: 16231 Clinical feasibility of in home, closed-loop spinal cord stimulation with differential target multiplexed therapy","volume":"25","author":"Weaver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodul Technol Neural Interface"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B48","author":"Pilitsis","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2023.04.132","article-title":"ID: 210553 Clinical feasibility of ECAP-controlled, closed-loop spinal cord stimulation with cervically placed leads","volume":"26","author":"Vallejo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuromodul Technol Neural Interface"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B50","author":"Medtronic","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0058-22.2022","article-title":"Surround inhibition mediates pain relief by low amplitude spinal cord stimulation: modeling and measurement","volume":"9","author":"Gilbert","year":"2022","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaf058","article-title":"Early outcomes with a flexible ECAP based closed loop using multiplexed spinal cord stimulation waveforms-single-arm study with in-clinic randomized crossover testing","volume":"26","author":"Mohabbati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B53","author":"Chakravarthy","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026061005011722600_pnag039-B54","author":"Murphy","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article-pdf\/27\/Supplement_1\/S35\/68494545\/pnag039.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article-pdf\/27\/Supplement_1\/S35\/68494545\/pnag039.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T09:01:30Z","timestamp":1781082090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/article\/27\/Supplement_1\/S35\/8704427"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnag039","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-2375","1526-4637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-2375","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4637","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}}}