{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:14:11Z","timestamp":1787771651207,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medtronic Neuromodulation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The first case study of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for pain treatment, published in 1967, catalyzed decades of research to improve and optimize this therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Content Overview<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This article provides an overview of the history of SCS technology, including advances made by industrial and academic innovators in lead designs, neurostimulator features, and battery chemistry. Foundational randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and a timeline of key product releases from the early 1970s are highlighted. The second half of the article discusses SCS technology advancements from a manufacturer\u2019s perspective and how they relate to improving the overall patient therapy experience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Specific SCS technology advancements that have focused on the patient\u2019s needs include: The development of patient programmers, enhanced rechargeable battery technology, position-adaptive neurostimulators, full-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) conditionality, and sensing-based closed-loop features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnag040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T12:46:50Z","timestamp":1773233210000},"page":"S1-S16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["History of SCS and patient-focused innovations: a manufacturer\u2019s perspective on the role of technology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Michael A","family":"Fishman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael Fishman PLLC , Lebanon, PA, 17042,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Brixton Biosciences , Cambridge, MA, 02138,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A","family":"Hatheway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Pain Management , Hood River, OR, 97031,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishnan","family":"Chakravarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare , San Diego, CA, 92161,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Innovative Pain Treatment Solutions and Surgery Centers , San Diego, CA 92111,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Solaris Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Willem","family":"Kallewaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Rijnstate Hospital , Arnhem, 6815 AD,","place":["Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Amsterdam University Medical Center , Amsterdam, 1105 AZ,","place":["Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Abd-Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, University of Wisconsin , Madison, WI, 53715,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2718-5837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Kapural","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carolinas Pain Institute and Queen City Clinical Research , Winston-Salem, NC, 27103,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Premier Pain Centers , Shrewsbury, NJ, 07702,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yashar","family":"Eshraghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ochsner Health System , New Orleans, LA, 70115,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Texas Orthopedics & Spine Center , Grapevine, TX, 76051,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navdeep","family":"Jassal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EXCEL Pain and Spine , Brandon, FL, 33511,","place":["United 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