{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T22:01:47Z","timestamp":1784844107196,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a leading cause of chronic pain and disability worldwide, yet clinical guidelines disagree on how to escalate care when conservative management fails. Procedural interventions, including intra-articular injections, genicular nerve blocks (GNB), and genicular nerve radiofrequency ablation (GN-RFA), are used widely, but head-to-head comparative evidence is limited and recent RFA trials have produced inconsistent results, in part because prior studies have used controls that do not adequately mimic the procedural experience of the active arm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods\/Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sequenced Knee OsteoArthritis Pain (SKOAP) Phase 2 is a multisite, pragmatic, randomized comparative-effectiveness trial that is expected to enroll at least 900 knees across 30 U.S. centers. Knees will be randomized 1:1:1 to 1 of 3 interventions: (1) image-guided intra-articular hyaluronic acid combined with corticosteroid and local anesthetic (IA-HA+); (2) image-guided GNB with sustained-release liposomal bupivacaine and corticosteroid, followed by a sham radiofrequency procedure; or (3) comprehensive GN-RFA with post-lesioning corticosteroid injection. Participants randomized to GNB or GN-RFA will remain blinded to allocation for 12\u2009weeks, supported by harmonized procedural environments, identical sedation and imaging protocols, a standardized sham-RFA sequence, and restricted documentation. This blinding design has rarely been implemented in prior RFA trials and is central to the study\u2019s methodological rigor. The primary outcome is change in the modified Brief Pain Inventory (mBPI) from baseline to 12\u2009weeks; secondary outcomes include pain interference, physical function, quality of life, and global improvement. Effectiveness will be evaluated using 3 prespecified estimands (modified intention-to-treat, receipt of intervention, and minimum effective dose) using augmented inverse-weighting methods that account for off-schedule assessments, loss to follow-up, and when appropriate, non-adherence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By combining pragmatic design with rigorous sham-controlled blinding and prespecified estimands, SKOAP Phase 2 will generate the most methodologically robust comparative evidence to date on procedural management of KOA pain and will directly inform guidelines and clinical decision-making on non-operative interventions including when and whether to escalate from intra-articular injection to nerve block and ablation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnag082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:02:49Z","timestamp":1782921769000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A multicenter randomized pragmatic trial comparing intra-articular injection, genicular nerve block, and radiofrequency ablation for knee osteoarthritis pain: SKOAP Phase 2 protocol"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5928-2127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven P","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7482-9653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel O","family":"Scharfstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W","family":"Hurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Outcomes Lab, Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Pain Outcomes Lab, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Pain Outcomes Lab, Department of Public Health, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Haythornthwaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivasa N","family":"Raja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary L","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, UT 84132,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Kohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4130-6826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Curatolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, WA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9675-8955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias I","family":"Veizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center , Cleveland, OH,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ToNhu","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center , Hershey, PA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R","family":"Walega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, IL,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5647-6233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark S","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SiNing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Major Extremity Trauma Research Consortium, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren E","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Major Extremity Trauma Research Consortium, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Bridges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah Data Coordinating Center, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Hanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical & Translational Research, Brian Injury Outcomes (BIOS), Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron W","family":"Reeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renan C","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Major Extremity Trauma Research Consortium, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5420-4207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia M","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"SKOAP Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen T","family":"Wegener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc C","family":"Hochberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis J","family":"Keefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Treine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kent","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaclyn","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sallie","family":"Hinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42089","article-title":"Prevalence trends of site-specific osteoarthritis from 1990 to 2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"74","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24021","article-title":"Lifetime risk of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis","volume":"59","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e508","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00163-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of osteoarthritis, 1990-2020 and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"5","author":"GBD 2021 Osteoarthritis Collaborators","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0288561","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288561","article-title":"Temporal trends in the disease burden of osteoarthritis from 1990 to 2019, and projections until 2030","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30059-4","article-title":"The effect of patient age at intervention on risk of implant revision after total replacement of the hip or knee: a population-based cohort study","volume":"389","author":"Bayliss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnac154","article-title":"Predictors of persistent post-surgical pain following total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"24","author":"Ashoorion","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24131","article-title":"2019 American College of Rheumatology\/Arthritis Foundation guideline for the management of osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee","volume":"72","author":"Kolasinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S154002","article-title":"Knee osteoarthritis: pathophysiology and current treatment modalities","volume":"11","author":"Mora","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.19319","article-title":"Association of pharmacological treatments with long-term pain control in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"320","author":"Gregori","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.212.2000216","article-title":"Co-administration of hyaluronic acid with local anaesthetics shows lower cytotoxicity than local anaesthetic treatment alone in bovine articular chondrocytes","volume":"2","author":"Onur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Joint Res"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3109\/03009748409100392","article-title":"Hip joint distension in osteoarthrosis. A triple-blind controlled study comparing the effect of intra-articular indoprofen with placebo","volume":"13","author":"Egsmose","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.10.009","article-title":"NASHA hyaluronic acid vs methylprednisolone for knee osteoarthritis: a prospective, multicentre, randomized, noninferiority trial","volume":"22","author":"Leighton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-102117","article-title":"Technical considerations for genicular nerve radiofrequency ablation: optimizing outcomes","volume":"46","author":"McCormick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12481","article-title":"A comparison of genicular nerve treatment using either radiofrequency or analgesic block with corticosteroid for pain after a total knee arthroplasty: a double-blind, randomized clinical study","volume":"17","author":"Qudsi-Sinclair","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx286","article-title":"A prospective randomized trial of prognostic genicular nerve blocks to determine the predictive value for the outcome of cooled radiofrequency ablation for chronic knee pain due to osteoarthritis","volume":"19","author":"McCormick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B16","first-page":"41","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided genicular nerve block for knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial of local anesthetic alone or in combination with corticosteroid","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2022-103976","article-title":"Bipolar radiofrequency ablation of the superomedial, superolateral, and inferomedial genicular nerves for chronic osteoarthritis knee pain: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial with 12-month follow-up","volume":"48","author":"Malaithong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002274","article-title":"Effectiveness of lumbar facet joint blocks and predictive value before radiofrequency denervation: the Facet Treatment Study (FACTS), a randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"129","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2014(08)05","article-title":"Controlled medial branch anesthetic block in the diagnosis of chronic lumbar facet joint pain: the value of a three-month follow-up","volume":"69","author":"Dias da Rocha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2009\/12\/437","article-title":"Systematic assessment of diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic utility of lumbar facet joint interventions","volume":"12","author":"Datta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Phys"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2019-101243","article-title":"Consensus practice guidelines on interventions for lumbar facet joint pain from a multispecialty, international working group","volume":"45","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000911236.85923.d2","article-title":"Genicular nerve radiofrequency ablation: an option for knee osteoarthritis pain","volume":"36","author":"Swanson","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAAPA"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13081227","article-title":"Is radiofrequency ablation superior to intra-articular injections for the treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis? A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Chalidis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000690","article-title":"Prospective, multicenter, randomized, crossover clinical trial comparing the safety and effectiveness of cooled radiofrequency ablation with corticosteroid injection in the management of knee pain from osteoarthritis","volume":"43","author":"Davis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e693","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000393","article-title":"Radiofrequency thermocoagulation in relieving refractory pain of knee osteoarthritis","volume":"24","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B26","first-page":"169","article-title":"Fluoroscopic guided radiofrequency of genicular nerves for pain alleviation in chronic knee osteoarthritis: a single-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"El-Hakeim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Phys"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S325665","article-title":"Latest Evidence-Based Application for Radiofrequency Neurotomy (LEARN): best practice guidelines from the American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN)","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B28","author":"American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B29","first-page":"207","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of platelet-rich plasma versus genicular nerve radiofrequency ablation in knee osteoarthritis: an open-label, prospective, randomized clinical trial","volume":"28","author":"Anwar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Phys"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2018-100094","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation of genicular nerves prior to total knee replacement has no effect on postoperative pain outcomes: a prospective randomized sham-controlled trial with 6-month follow-up","volume":"44","author":"Walega","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2019-100451","article-title":"Accuracy of fluoroscopic-guided genicular nerve blockade: a need for revisiting anatomical landmarks","volume":"44","author":"Fonkoue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2022-104319","article-title":"Emperor\u2019s nakedness exposed: unmasking fairytales for genicular nerve radiofrequency ablation in knee osteoarthritis","volume":"48","author":"Cohen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnad095","article-title":"Genicular nerve radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of chronic knee joint pain: a real-world cohort study with evaluation of prognostic factors","volume":"24","author":"Caragea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2022.35.4.447","article-title":"Predictive factors associated with successful response to ultrasound guided genicular radiofrequency ablation","volume":"35","author":"Kose","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnad025","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided genicular nerve radiofrequency treatment: prospective randomized comparative trial of a 3-nerve protocol versus a 5-nerve protocol","volume":"24","author":"Guven","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-102017","article-title":"Clinical and technical factors associated with knee radiofrequency ablation outcomes: a multicenter analysis","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.07.030","article-title":"Are we still prescribing opioids for osteoarthritis?","volume":"32","author":"DeMik","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23831","article-title":"Factors associated with opioid use in presurgical knee, hip, and spine osteoarthritis patients","volume":"71","author":"Power","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2025.152834","article-title":"Study design and protocol of a randomized, pragmatic, comparative effectiveness trial evaluating a sequenced strategy for improving outcomes in people with knee osteoarthritis pain (SKOAP): conservative treatment evaluation","volume":"75","author":"Allen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00794-7","article-title":"Neuromodulation for chronic pain","volume":"397","author":"Knotkova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1057","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000001057","article-title":"Real-world data and evidence in pain research: a qualitative systematic review of methods in current practice","volume":"8","author":"Vollert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780290816","article-title":"Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis: classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee of the American Rheumatism Association","volume":"29","author":"Altman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaf067","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the knee osteoarthritis pain index","volume":"26","author":"Ravyts","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B44","author":"US Food and Drug Administration","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05383-w","article-title":"Evaluation of a single-shot of a high-density viscoelastic solution of hyaluronic acid in patients with symptomatic primary knee osteoarthritis: the no-dolor study","volume":"23","author":"Calvet","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07938-5","article-title":"Comparing effectiveness of 3-needle approach versus 5-needle approach of genicular nerve block on pain and quality of life in chronic osteoarthritis of knee: a double blinded randomised controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Bhargava","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42384","article-title":"Genicular nerve block for pain management in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"75","author":"Shanahan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12925","article-title":"Which one is more effective for the clinical treatment of chronic pain in knee osteoarthritis: radiofrequency neurotomy of the genicular nerves or intra-articular injection?","volume":"21","author":"Sar\u0131","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/aap.0b013e3181e82d44","article-title":"The effect of fluid injection on lesion size during radiofrequency treatment","volume":"35","author":"Provenzano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000373","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, comparative-effectiveness study comparing pulsed radiofrequency to steroid injections for occipital neuralgia or migraine with occipital nerve tenderness","volume":"156","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B51","first-page":"475","article-title":"Radiofrequency denervation with or without addition of pentoxifylline or methylprednisolone for chronic lumbar zygapophysial joint pain","volume":"57","author":"Dobrogowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2021.08.005","article-title":"Helping to End Addiction Long-term(SM) Initiative (NIH HEAL Initiative) Clinical Pain Management Common Data Element Program","volume":"23","author":"Wandner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38726.603310.55","article-title":"Sham device v inert pill: randomised controlled trial of two placebo treatments","volume":"332","author":"Kaptchuk","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1907805","article-title":"Placebo and nocebo effects","volume":"382","author":"Colloca","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001952","article-title":"Interpretation of chronic pain clinical trial outcomes: IMMPACT recommended considerations","volume":"161","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2026072317264232500_pnag082-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2008.04.009","article-title":"Responder analysis and correlation of outcome measures: pooled results from two identical studies comparing etoricoxib, celecoxib, and placebo in osteoarthritis","volume":"16","author":"Bingham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"}],"container-title":["Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/pm\/pnag082\/68691233\/pnag082.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/pm\/pnag082\/68691233\/pnag082.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T21:26:49Z","timestamp":1784842009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/pm\/pnag082\/8724139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":56,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnag082","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-2375","1526-4637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-2375","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4637","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"article-number":"pnag082"}}