{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:08:18Z","timestamp":1792786098133,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development of the National Institutes of Health","award":["T32HD057850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HD057850"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04byxyr05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic pain affects more than 100 million people in the United States. Central sensitization contributes to many chronic pain syndromes and can reduce the effectiveness of peripherally directed interventions. Although spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is effective for many patients, identifying those less likely to benefit could improve patient selection and reduce unnecessary procedures. We hypothesized that centralized pain features are associated with failure to achieve meaningful analgesia during an SCS trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants completed validated questionnaires before SCS trial implantation and within 48\u2009hours of trial removal. Measures included the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI), 2016 Fibromyalgia Diagnostic Criteria Survey, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)-29 v2.0, PainDETECT, Perceived Stress Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Childhood Traumatic Events Scale, Coping Strategies Questionnaire Catastrophizing Subscale (CSQ-CAT), and Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 67 patients who were enrolled, 51 completed follow-up. Mean age was 63.5\u2009years, and 67.2% of participants were female. Baseline average and worst BPI pain severity scores were 6.4 and 8.6, respectively, and mean \u201cfibromyalgianess\u201d score was 12.5. After SCS, average and worst pain severity scores improved significantly (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), as did all PROMIS domains (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001\u2013.002). Responders (\u226550% reduction in worst pain) did not differ demographically from nonresponders but had significantly lower fibromyalgianess (P\u2009=\u2009.03), CSI scores (P\u2009=\u2009.02), and presence of widespread pain (P\u2009=\u2009.03).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with greater centralized pain features experienced less analgesic benefit despite overall improvements in pain and function, which supports our hypothesis that nociplastic pain burden influences SCS response. These findings suggest that preprocedural pain phenotyping might improve patient selection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnag129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:09:41Z","timestamp":1790334581000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identifying the impact of centralized pain on pain outcomes after spinal cord stimulator trials (POST)"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3012-211X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paddison","family":"Lowe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anamika","family":"Ratri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Robiul Islam","family":"Talukder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8812-722X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinxiang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miranda","family":"Mc Millan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Asif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, George Washington University , Washington, DC,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0570-9997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea L","family":"Chadwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B1","volume-title":"Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research","author":"Policy BoHS, Research CoAP, Care","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.03.009","article-title":"The economic costs of pain in the United States","volume":"13","author":"Gaskin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3266","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: a clinical review","volume":"311","author":"Clauw","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.030","article-title":"Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain","volume":"152","author":"Woolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.06.001","article-title":"Understanding fibromyalgia: lessons from the broader pain research community","volume":"10","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5472.1765","article-title":"Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain","volume":"288","author":"Woolf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-026-01489-1","article-title":"Brain-centered interventions for nociplastic pain: from symptom management to pain resolution","volume":"30","author":"Th\u00e9rond","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00392-5","article-title":"Nociplastic pain: towards an understanding of prevalent pain conditions","volume":"397","author":"Fitzcharles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-00966-8","article-title":"Deciphering nociplastic pain: clinical features, risk factors and potential mechanisms","volume":"20","author":"Kaplan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42429","article-title":"The biology of pain: through the rheumatology lens","volume":"75","author":"Sunzini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e178","DOI":"10.1016\/s2665-9913(23)00324-7","article-title":"Nociceptive, neuropathic, or nociplastic low back pain? The Low Back Pain Phenotyping (BACPAP) Consortium\u2019s international and multidisciplinary consensus recommendations","volume":"6","author":"Nijs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.2147\/jpr.S306280","article-title":"Peripheral and central pathological mechanisms of chronic low back pain: a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1097\/ajp.0000000000000755","article-title":"A subgroup of chronic low back pain patients with central sensitization","volume":"35","author":"Aoyagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39051","article-title":"Characteristics of fibromyalgia independently predict poorer long-term analgesic outcomes following total knee and hip arthroplasty","volume":"67","author":"Brummett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.08.038","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of persistent pelvic pain following hysterectomy in women with chronic pelvic pain","volume":"225","author":"As-Sanie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1097\/ajp.0000000000000316","article-title":"The Fibromyalgia Survey Score correlates with preoperative pain phenotypes but does not predict pain outcomes after shoulder arthroscopy","volume":"32","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd014789","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014789.pub2","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for low back pain","volume":"3","author":"Traeger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589723","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2025.1589723","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the supraspinal mechanisms of spinal cord stimulation on chronic pain and cognition","volume":"6","author":"Gartner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pain Res (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200211150-00035","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain of spinal origin: a valuable long-term solution","volume":"27","author":"North","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2025-107068","article-title":"Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trial evidence of spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain","author":"Eldabe","year":"2026","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2003.12.005","article-title":"Validation of the Brief Pain Inventory for chronic nonmalignant pain","volume":"5","author":"Tan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2011.00493.x","article-title":"The development and psychometric validation of the Central Sensitization Inventory","volume":"12","author":"Mayer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12440","article-title":"Establishing clinically relevant severity levels for the Central Sensitization Inventory","volume":"17","author":"Neblett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1016","DOI":"10.1097\/pr9.0000000000001016","article-title":"Central sensitization in opioid use disorder: a novel application of the American College of Rheumatology Fibromyalgia Survey Criteria","volume":"7","author":"Hall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/hc9.0000000000000120","article-title":"Association between widespread pain and associated symptoms in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"7","author":"Holman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24553","article-title":"Fibromyalgianess","volume":"61","author":"Wolfe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.08.012","article-title":"2016 Revisions to the 2010\/2011 fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria","volume":"46","author":"Wolfe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(88)90397-8","article-title":"Disclosure of traumas and psychosomatic processes","volume":"26","author":"Pennebaker","year":"1988","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.54.6.1063","article-title":"Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales","volume":"54","author":"Watson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1185\/030079906X132488","article-title":"painDETECT: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain","volume":"22","author":"Freynhagen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1842-3","article-title":"PROMIS(\u00ae)-29 v2.0 profile physical and mental health summary scores","volume":"27","author":"Hays","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(83)90125-2","article-title":"The use of coping strategies in chronic low back pain patients: relationship to patient characteristics and current adjustment","volume":"17","author":"Rosenstiel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.02.007","article-title":"Patients\u2019 impression of change following treatment for chronic pain: global, specific, a single dimension, or many?","volume":"16","author":"Scott","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.09.012","article-title":"Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations","volume":"113","author":"Dworkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2018-100275","article-title":"Medial branch radiofrequency ablation outcomes in patients with centralized pain","author":"Morffi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/aap.0000000000000235","article-title":"Aberrant analgesic response to medial branch blocks in patients with characteristics of fibromyalgia","volume":"40","author":"Brummett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002654","article-title":"History and future of spinal cord stimulation","volume":"94","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.18231","article-title":"Effect of spinal cord burst stimulation vs placebo stimulation on disability in patients with chronic radicular pain after lumbar spine surgery: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"328","author":"Hara","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd013756","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013756.pub2","article-title":"Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults","volume":"12","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.05.004","article-title":"Does fibromyalgia affect the outcomes of spinal cord stimulation: an 11-year, multicenter, retrospective matched cohort study","volume":"26","author":"D\u2019Souza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2026101917565015000_pnag129-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2017\/25","article-title":"Electric stimulation for pain relief in patients with fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"20","author":"Salazar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Physician"}],"container-title":["Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/pm\/pnag129\/71398339\/pnag129.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/pm\/pnag129\/71398339\/pnag129.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:56:58Z","timestamp":1792447018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/painmedicine\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/pm\/pnag129\/8836115"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnag129","relation":{},"ISSN":["1526-2375","1526-4637"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1526-2375","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-4637","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"article-number":"pnag129"}}