{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T21:06:48Z","timestamp":1792530408234,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Objective . Dry eye is a multi-factorial disorder that manifests with painful ocular symptoms and visual disturbances, which can only be partly attributed to tear dysfunction. This disorder may also involve neuroplasticity in response to neuronal injury. This review will emphasize the key characteristics of dry eye pain and its pathologic mechanisms, making the argument that a subset of dry eye represents a neuropathic pain disorder of the eye, more appropriately called \u201cburning eye syndrome.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods . A literature review was conducted using a PubMed search focusing on dry eye, corneal nociception, and neuropathic pain. Articles were reviewed and those discussing clinical course, pathophysiology, and neuronal regulation of chronic ocular pain as related to dry eye were summarized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results . We found that there is a discordance between ocular pain and dryness on the ocular surface. Although tear dysfunction may be one of the initial insults, its persistence may be associated with repeated ocular sensory nerve injury leading to an acute-to-chronic pain transition associated with neuropathologic changes (peripheral and central sensitization), neuronal dysfunction, and spontaneous ocular pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion . Dry eye is becoming a major health concern due to its increasing incidence, significant morbidity, and economic burden. Recent evidence suggests that a subset of dry eye may be better represented as a chronic neuropathic pain disorder due to its features of dysesthesia, spontaneous pain, allodynia, and hyperalgesia. Future therapies targeted at the underlying neuroplasticity may yield improved efficacy for patients with this subset of dry eye, which we term \u201cburning eye syndrome.\u201d<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnv070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,24]],"date-time":"2015-12-24T22:23:36Z","timestamp":1450995816000},"page":"746-755","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Burning Eye Syndrome: Do Neuropathic Pain Mechanisms Underlie Chronic Dry Eye?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jerry P.","family":"Kalangara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"* *Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anat","family":"Galor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00b6 Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, USA"},{"name":"\u2016 Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy C.","family":"Levitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"* *Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management"},{"name":"\u2020 John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics"},{"name":"\u2021 John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics"},{"name":"\u00b6 Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Felix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a7 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA"},{"name":"\u00b6 Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramon","family":"Alegret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"* *Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantine D.","family":"Sarantopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"* *Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management"},{"name":"\u00b6 Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112800164863600_pnv070-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70082-4","article-title":"The epidemiology of dry eye disease: Report of the Epidemiology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop","volume":"5","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"2025112800164863600_pnv070-B2","first-page":"75","article-title":"The definition and classification of dry eye disease: Report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop","volume-title":"Ocul Surf","year":"2007"},{"key":"2025112800164863600_pnv070-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31823cc0b7","article-title":"Dry eye medication use and expenditures: Data from the medical expenditure panel survery 2001 to 2006","volume":"31","author":"Galor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"2025112800164863600_pnv070-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182a3922b","article-title":"Burning mouth syndrome: A misunderstood, underinvestigated, and undertreated clinical challenge","volume":"38","author":"Sarantopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"2025112800164863600_pnv070-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-9-111","article-title":"Development and validation of the Impact of Dry Eye on Everyday Life (IDEEL) questionnaire, a patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measure for the assessment of the burden of dry eye on patients","volume":"9","author":"Abetz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2025112800164863600_pnv070-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0915","article-title":"The relative burden of dry eye in patients\u2019 lives: Comparisons to a US normative sample","volume":"46","author":"Mertzanis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2025112800164863600_pnv070-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(03)00462-7","article-title":"Utility assessment among patients with dry eye disease","volume":"110","author":"Schiffman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2025112800164863600_pnv070-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70043-5","article-title":"Utility assessment to measure the impact of dry eye disease","volume":"4","author":"Buchholz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"2025112800164863600_pnv070-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181f7f363","article-title":"The economic burden of dry eye disease in the United States: A decision tree analysis","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"2025112800164863600_pnv070-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70083-6","article-title":"Methodologies to diagnose and monitor dry eye disease: Report of the Diagnostic Methodology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop","volume":"5","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"2025112800164863600_pnv070-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10819","article-title":"Ocular surface parameters in older male veterans","volume":"54","author":"Galor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2025112800164863600_pnv070-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2012.01.002","article-title":"The corneal pain system. 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