{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:43:30Z","timestamp":1791474210498,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]],"date-time":"2017-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Objective. Androgen deficiency is common among men who use opioids daily for chronic pain. In previous studies, we found that long-acting opioids are associated with greater odds of androgen suppression than equipotent doses of short-acting opioids. Here we examined whether specific commonly prescribed opioids were associated with greater odds of androgen deficiency compared to hydrocodone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Design. Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Setting and Patients. Within a large, integrated health care delivery system, this study was comprised of men ages 18\u201380 on a stable regimen of a single opioid for chronic non-cancer pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods. Morning serum total testosterone levels were measured in subjects prescribed one opioid for at least 90 days. The association between individual opioids and androgen deficiency was assessed with logistic regression, controlling for dose, obesity, age, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, using hydrocodone as a referent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results. This study included 1,159 men. Men on fentanyl (odds ratio [OR] 25.7, 95% CI 2.82\u2013234.97), methadone (OR 7.33, 95% CI 3.29\u201316.33), or oxycodone (OR 3.15, 95% CI 1.87\u20135.33) were more likely to be androgen deficient than men on hydrocodone. Increases in dose affected the odds of androgen deficiency differently for different opioids. Increased doses of hydrocodone (OR 1.18 per 10-mg increase in drug, 95% CI 1.09\u20131.28) and oxycodone (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00\u20131.02) were associated with increased odds of androgen deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions. Our results suggest that certain opioids are associated with increased odds of androgen deficiency compared with hydrocodone. Transdermal fentanyl, methadone and oxycodone were associated with higher odds of androgen deficiency than hydrocodone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,11]],"date-time":"2016-08-11T22:18:57Z","timestamp":1470953937000},"page":"637-644","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Association Between Commonly Prescribed Opioids and Androgen Deficiency in Men: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Rubinstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*The Permanente Medical Group, Santa Rosa, Calif"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane M.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, Calif"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2025102705470692700_pnw182-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2004.10.008","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of oral extended-release hydromorphone and immediate-release hydromorphone in patients with persistent moderate to severe pain: Two randomized controlled trials","volume":"29","author":"Grosset","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102705470692700_pnw182-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199909000-00004","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of controlled-release versus immediate-release oxycodone: Randomized, double-blind evaluation in patients with chronic back pain","volume":"15","author":"Hale","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025102705470692700_pnw182-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1177\/00912700122010375","article-title":"Double-blind, randomized comparison of the analgesic and pharmacokinetic profiles of controlled- and immediate-release oral oxycodone in cancer pain patients","volume":"41","author":"Stambaugh","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025102705470692700_pnw182-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.07.014","article-title":"Markers of abuse liability of short- vs long-acting opioids in chronic pain patients: A randomized cross-over trial","volume":"94","author":"Wilsey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"37","key":"2025102705470692700_pnw182-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6005","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212803582487","article-title":"Non-analgesic effects of opioids: The interaction of opioids with bone and joints","volume":"18","author":"Mattia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025102705470692700_pnw182-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.3.338-a","article-title":"Opioid osteoporosis","volume":"164","author":"Daniell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2025102705470692700_pnw182-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000176049","article-title":"Testosterone, bone and osteoporosis","volume":"37","author":"Tuck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Hormone Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025102705470692700_pnw182-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.07.015","article-title":"Elucidating risk factors for androgen deficiency associated with daily opioid use","volume":"127","author":"Rubinstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025102705470692700_pnw182-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31827c7b5d","article-title":"Hypogonadism in men with chronic pain linked to the use of long-acting rather than short-acting opioids","volume":"29","author":"Rubinstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025102705470692700_pnw182-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(01)00294-9","article-title":"Equianalgesic dose ratios for opioids. 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